{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T07:20:38Z","timestamp":1771485638566,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-035234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-035234"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["Lisboa-01-0247-FEDER-035234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Lisboa-01-0247-FEDER-035234"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["ALG-01-0247-FEDER-035234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALG-01-0247-FEDER-035234"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["UIDB\/04129\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04129\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["LA\/P\/0092\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0092\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["UIDB\/00276\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00276\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["2022.11759.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.11759.BD"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["SFRH\/BD\/143992\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/143992\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT\/MCTES)","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-035234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-035234"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT\/MCTES)","award":["Lisboa-01-0247-FEDER-035234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Lisboa-01-0247-FEDER-035234"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT\/MCTES)","award":["ALG-01-0247-FEDER-035234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALG-01-0247-FEDER-035234"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT\/MCTES)","award":["UIDB\/04129\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04129\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT\/MCTES)","award":["LA\/P\/0092\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0092\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT\/MCTES)","award":["UIDB\/00276\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00276\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT\/MCTES)","award":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT\/MCTES)","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT\/MCTES)","award":["2022.11759.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.11759.BD"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT\/MCTES)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/143992\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/143992\/2019"]}]},{"name":"PhD fellowships","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-035234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-035234"]}]},{"name":"PhD fellowships","award":["Lisboa-01-0247-FEDER-035234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Lisboa-01-0247-FEDER-035234"]}]},{"name":"PhD fellowships","award":["ALG-01-0247-FEDER-035234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALG-01-0247-FEDER-035234"]}]},{"name":"PhD fellowships","award":["UIDB\/04129\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04129\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PhD fellowships","award":["LA\/P\/0092\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0092\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PhD fellowships","award":["UIDB\/00276\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00276\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PhD fellowships","award":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PhD fellowships","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PhD fellowships","award":["2022.11759.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.11759.BD"]}]},{"name":"PhD fellowships","award":["SFRH\/BD\/143992\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/143992\/2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluates the nutritional value of spray-dried Nannochloropsis oceanica biomass to infer its applicability for weaner piglet feeding. Twenty-four piglets were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments (n = 6) with increasing N. oceanica inclusion (0, 5, 10, and 15%) levels. After a 4-day adaptation period, the digestibility experiment lasted two weeks, with daily excreta collection. Total tract apparent digestibility (TTAD), N balance, intestinal pH, histomorphology, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations were measured. No significant differences were observed in feed intake, growth, or intestinal morphology (p &gt; 0.05). N intake increased linearly (p = 0.005) with N. oceanica inclusion, while N retention efficiency remained unchanged (p = 0.058). VFA concentrations decreased linearly (p &lt; 0.001). The TTAD of dry matter (DM), organic matter, ether extract, and gross energy decreased (p &lt; 0.05) with higher N. oceanica levels, while the ash TTAD increased (p &lt; 0.001). The estimated TTAD values for N. oceanica biomass were 72.5% for DM, 82.9% for N, and 64.4% for gross energy. The digestible energy, metabolisable energy, and digestible crude protein values estimated for N. oceanica were 12.74 MJ\/kg DM, 12.40 MJ\/kg DM, and 20.4% DM, respectively. This information enabled the first nutritional characterisation of N. oceanica for weaner piglets, ultimately leveraging its use in piglet diet formulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14243575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T06:44:05Z","timestamp":1733899445000},"page":"3575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Nutritional Value of Nannochloropsis oceanica for Weaner Piglets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6519-0333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia A. M.","family":"Chaves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0990-7739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David M.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1017-3269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e1tia F.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9825-5735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiane","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIISA\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade T\u00e9cnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1716-6205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida R. G.","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6237-417X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio J. M.","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1904-0358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana R. J.","family":"Cabrita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3171-9566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana P.","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIISA\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade T\u00e9cnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"AL4AnimalS\u2014Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Avenida da Universidade T\u00e9cnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4502-667X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE, LAQV, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"AL4AnimalS\u2014Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Avenida da Universidade T\u00e9cnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4109-3488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui J. B.","family":"Bessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIISA\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade T\u00e9cnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"AL4AnimalS\u2014Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Avenida da Universidade T\u00e9cnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7810-3988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 M.","family":"de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o P. B.","family":"Freire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEAF\u2014Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, November 04). UN Population:The Numbers. Available online: https:\/\/populationmatters.org\/the-facts-numbers\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2017.09.020","article-title":"Microalgae as Feed Ingredients for Livestock Production and Meat Quality: A Review","volume":"205","author":"Madeira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"377","article-title":"Brazil\u2019s Soy Moratorium","volume":"347","author":"Gibbs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science (1979)"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-021-02800-5","article-title":"A Viewpoint on the Use of Microalgae as an Alternative Feedstuff in the Context of Pig and Poultry Feeding\u2014A Special Emphasis on Tropical Regions","volume":"53","author":"Chaves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valente, L.M.P., Cabrita, A.R.J., Maia, M.R.G., Valente, I.M., Engrola, S., Fonseca, A.J.M., Ribeiro, D.M., Lordelo, M., Martins, C.F., and Falc\u00e3o e Cunha, L. (2021). Microalgae as Feed Ingredients for Livestock Production and Aquaculture. Microalgae, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-821218-9.00009-8"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lum, K.K., Kim, J., and Lei, X.G. (2013). Dual Potential of Microalgae as a Sustainable Biofuel Feedstock and Animal Feed. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-1891-4-53"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-018-2038-5","article-title":"Emerging Techniques for Cell Disruption and Extraction of Valuable Bio-Molecules of Microalgae nannochloropsis sp","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioprocess. Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.103919","article-title":"Microalgae of the Genus Nannochloropsis: Chemical Composition and Functional Implications for Human Nutrition","volume":"68","author":"Zanella","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111549","article-title":"Sustainable Aquaculture and Animal Feed from Microalgae\u2014Nutritive Value and Techno-Functional Components","volume":"150","author":"Nagarajan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2007.01.103","article-title":"Spray-Dried Porcine Plasma Affects Intestinal Morphology and Immune Cell Subsets of Weaned Pigs","volume":"108","author":"Manzanilla","year":"2007","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell, J.M., Crenshaw, J.D., and Polo, J. (2013). The Biological Stress of Early Weaned Piglets. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-1891-4-19"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, A.V., You, L., Oh, S.-Y., Li, Z., Code, A., Zhu, C., Fisher-Heffernan, R.E., Regnault, T.R.H., De Lange, C.F.M., and Huber, L.-A. (2019). Health Benefits of Supplementing Nursery Pig Diets with Microalgae or Fish Oil. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9030080"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins, C.F., Pestana, J.M., Alfaia, C.M., Costa, M., Ribeiro, D.M., Coelho, D., Lopes, P.A., Almeida, A.M., Freire, J.P.B., and Prates, J.A.M. (2021). Effects of Chlorella Vulgaris as a Feed Ingredient on the Quality and Nutritional Value of Weaned Piglets\u2019 Meat. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10061155"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/0967026032000157156","article-title":"Distribution of Intracellular Nitrogen in Marine Microalgae: Calculation of New Nitrogen-to-Protein Conversion Factors","volume":"39","author":"Barbarino","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2000). AOAC Official Methods of Analysis, Association of Official Analytical Chemists. [17th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3583","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2","article-title":"Methods for Dietary Fiber, Neutral Detergent Fiber, and Nonstarch Polysaccharides in Relation to Animal Nutrition","volume":"74","author":"Robertson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"James, W.P.T., and Theander, O. (1981). The Detergent System of Analysis. The Analysis of Dietary Fibre in Food, Marcel Dekker."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabrita, A.R.J., Guilherme-Fernandes, J., Valente, I.M., Almeida, A., Lima, S.A.C., Fonseca, A.J.M., and Maia, M.R.G. (2022). Nutritional Composition and Untargeted Metabolomics Reveal the Potential of Tetradesmus Obliquus, Chlorella Vulgaris and Nannochloropsis Oceanica as Valuable Nutrient Sources for Dogs. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12192643"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves, S.P., Mendon\u00e7a, S.H., Silva, J.L., and Bessa, R.J.B. (2018). Nannochloropsis Oceanica, a Novel Natural Source of Rumen-Protected Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) for Ruminants. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28576-7"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13339","article-title":"Mineral Profiling of Muscle and Hepatic Tissues of Australian Merino, Damara and Dorper Lambs: Effect of Weight Loss","volume":"104","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins, C.F., Trevisi, P., Coelho, D.F., Correa, F., Ribeiro, D.M., Alfaia, C.M., Pinho, M., Pestana, J.M., Mourato, M.P., and Almeida, A.M. (2022). Influence of Chlorella Vulgaris on Growth, Digestibility and Gut Morphology and Microbiota of Weaned Piglet. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10059-5"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2016.01.006","article-title":"Effects of Clays Used as Oil Adsorbents in Lamb Diets on Fatty Acid Composition of Abomasal Digesta and Meat","volume":"213","author":"Oliveira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1745039X.2019.1672479","article-title":"Effects of Whole Plant Brown Algae (Laminaria japonica) on Zootechnical Performance, Apparent Total Tract Digestibility, Faecal Characteristics and Blood Plasma Urea in Weaned Piglets","volume":"74","author":"Brugger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"19","article-title":"Determina\u00e7\u00e3o Da Utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o Digestiva Dos Alimentos. Uma Nova T\u00e9cnica Para Os Ensaios Com Su\u00ednos","volume":"30","author":"Costa","year":"1967","journal-title":"ISA Anuais"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1051\/animres:19520110","article-title":"Recherches Sur La M\u00e9thode de Mesure de La Digestibilit\u00e9 d\u2019un Aliment. Condition d\u2019emploi de Cette Methode","volume":"1","author":"Gasnier","year":"1952","journal-title":"Ann. Zootech."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Sauvant, D., Perez, J., and Tran, G. (2002). Tables de Composition et de Valeur Nutritive Des Mati\u00e8res Premi\u00e8res Destin\u00e9es Aux Animaux d\u2019\u00e9levage, INRA Editions."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00183-14","article-title":"Ultrastructure and Composition of the Nannochloropsis Gaditana Cell Wall","volume":"13","author":"Scholz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pluske, J.R., Le Dividich, J., and Verstegen, M.W.A. (2003). Weaning the Pig, Wageningen Academic Publishers.","DOI":"10.3920\/978-90-8686-513-0"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tibbetts, S.M. (2018). The Potential for \u2018Next-Generation\u2019, Microalgae-Based Feed Ingredients for Salmonid Aquaculture in Context of the Blue Revolution. Microalgal Biotechnology, InTech.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.73551"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V\u00edtor, A.C.M., Francisco, A.E., Silva, J., Pinho, M., Huws, S.A., Santos-Silva, J., Bessa, R.J.B., and Alves, S.P. (2021). Freeze-Dried Nannochloropsis Oceanica Biomass Protects Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) from Metabolization in the Rumen of Lambs. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01255-w"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiba, L.I. (2023). Fiber in Swine Nutrition. Sustainable Swine Nutrition, Wiley-Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119583998"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiba, L.I. (2022). Sustainable Swine Nutrition, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119583998"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13470","article-title":"Effect of Dietary Inclusion of Spirulina on Production Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Meat Quality Traits in Post-weaning Piglets","volume":"105","author":"Martins","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2021.119248","article-title":"Green Solvent-Based Extraction of Chlorophyll a from Nannochloropsis Sp. Using 2,3-Butanediol","volume":"276","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000761","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202000761","article-title":"The Metabolism and Potential Bioactivity of Chlorophyll and Metallo-chlorophyll Derivatives in the Gastrointestinal Tract","volume":"65","author":"Zhong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-8401(98)00242-9","article-title":"Utilization of Fats Based on the Composition of Sow Milk Fat in the Diet of Weanling Pigs","volume":"77","author":"Mountzouris","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-8401(94)00705-E","article-title":"Effect of Addition of Tallow and Lecithin in the Diet of Weanling Piglets on the Apparent Total Tract and Ileal Digestibility of Fat and Fatty Acids","volume":"52","author":"Peiniau","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19720043","article-title":"Digestion of Fat by Young Pigs: A Study of the Amounts of Fatty Acid in the Digestive Tract Using a Fat-Soluble Indicator of Absorption","volume":"28","author":"Carlson","year":"1972","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-6226(99)00117-7","article-title":"Reticulo-Rumen Biohydrogenation and the Enrichment of Ruminant Edible Products with Linoleic Acid Conjugated Isomers","volume":"63","author":"Bessa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiba, L.I. (2022). Diet Formulation and Feeding Programs. Sustainable Swine Nutrition, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119583998"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2020.114460","article-title":"Evaluation of Seaweeds from Marine Waters in Northwestern Europe for Application in Animal Nutrition","volume":"263","author":"Bikker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3123","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2005-690","article-title":"Effect of Diet Composition on Water Consumption in Growing Pigs1","volume":"84","author":"Shaw","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2013.02.034","article-title":"Nannochloropsis Sp. Biomass Recovery by Electro-Coagulation for Biodiesel and Pigment Production","volume":"134","author":"Matos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2012.03.047","article-title":"Conversion of Microalgae to Biofuel","volume":"16","author":"Suali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/24\/3575\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:52:15Z","timestamp":1760115135000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/24\/3575"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ani14243575"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani14243575","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]}}}