{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:41:59Z","timestamp":1760146919120,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anticipatory behaviour is increasingly being recognised as a measure of animal welfare. This behaviour is linked to reward sensitivity, which reflects the balance of positive and negative experiences. This study examined anticipatory behaviour in horses fed either ad libitum or rationed diets, aiming to identify differences in behaviour patterns during the periods of one hour immediately before and after feeding. Behavioural data were collected via video surveillance over five days, focusing on the pre- and post-feeding periods of stabled horses. The data were successfully fit to Poisson models. The results indicate that ration-fed horses exhibit more stereotypic and arousal behaviours, with anticipatory behaviour intensifying closer to feeding times. These findings suggest a potential link between feeding stress and anticipatory behaviour, especially in horses on rationed diets. This study underscores the importance of considering feeding practices in horse welfare management and highlights anticipatory behaviour as a valuable indicator for assessing animal well-being. Such assessments, rooted in circadian rhythms, offer a less resource-intensive means for ongoing welfare monitoring in animal care settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14243677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T04:07:40Z","timestamp":1734667660000},"page":"3677","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anticipatory Behaviour During the Approach to Feeding Times as a Measure of Horse Welfare"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5687-7114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Mata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua da Escola Industrial e Comercial Nun\u2019Alvares 34, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Georgina","family":"Boyton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science, Wrexham Glynd\u0175r University Northope Campus, Holywell Road, Northop, Mold CH7 6AA, UK"}]},{"given":"Tamsin","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science, Wrexham Glynd\u0175r University Northope Campus, Holywell Road, Northop, Mold CH7 6AA, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2022.02.003","article-title":"Assessing Animal Welfare: A Triangulation of Preference, Judgement Bias and Other Candidate Welfare Indicators","volume":"186","author":"Paul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.7120\/09627286.24.1.081","article-title":"The Use of Judgement Bias to Assess Welfare in Farm Livestock","volume":"24","author":"Baciadonna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Welf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1080\/10888705.2021.2012783","article-title":"A Quantitative Approach for Using Anticipatory Behavior as a Graded Welfare Assessment","volume":"26","author":"Podturkin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Welf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.7120\/09627286.29.3.231","article-title":"Anticipatory Behaviour in Animals: A Critical Review","volume":"29","author":"Anderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Welf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roelofs, S., Boleij, H., Nordquist, R.E., and Van der Staay, F.J. (2016). Making Decisions under Ambiguity: Judgment Bias Tasks for Assessing Emotional State in Animals. Front. Behav. Neurosci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2016.00119"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ratuski, A.S., Makowska, I.J., Dvorack, K.R., and Weary, D.M. (2021). Using Approach Latency and Anticipatory Behaviour to Assess Whether Voluntary Playpen Access Is Rewarding to Laboratory Mice. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98356-3"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21144","article-title":"Searching for Behavioral Indicators of Welfare in Zoos: Uncovering Anticipatory Behavior","volume":"33","author":"Watters","year":"2014","journal-title":"Zoo. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2017.02.020","article-title":"The Application of Learning Theory in Horse Training","volume":"190","author":"McLean","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stomp, M., Leroux, M., Cellier, M., Henry, S., Lemasson, A., and Hausberger, M. (2018). An Unexpected Acoustic Indicator of Positive Emotions in Horses. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197898"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livprodsci.2005.04.008","article-title":"Passage Rate of Digesta through the Equine Gastrointestinal Tract: A Review","volume":"99","author":"Sales","year":"2006","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2015.01.010","article-title":"Effect of Forage Presentation on Feed Intake Behaviour in Stabled Horses","volume":"165","author":"Ellis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2010.07.011","article-title":"Nutrition and Exercise in the Management of Horses and Ponies at High Risk for Laminitis","volume":"30","author":"Geor","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30550-3","article-title":"Feeding and Digestive Problems in Horses: Physiologic Responses to a Concentrated Meal","volume":"6","author":"Clarke","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Auer, U., Kelemen, Z., Engl, V., and Jenner, F. (2021). Activity Time Budgets\u2014A Potential Tool to Monitor Equine Welfare?. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030850"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2018.03.014","article-title":"Sleeping Patterns of Horses in Selected Local Horse Stables in Malaysia","volume":"26","author":"Chung","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2017.05.003","article-title":"Causal Factors of Oral versus Locomotor Stereotypy in the Horse","volume":"20","author":"Roberts","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruet, A., Lemarchand, J., Parias, C., Mach, N., Moisan, M.-P., Foury, A., Briant, C., and Lansade, L. (2019). Housing Horses in Individual Boxes Is a Challenge with Regard to Welfare. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9090621"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2021.103750","article-title":"do Factors Associated With the Development and Prevalence of Abnormal Behaviors in Horses: Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis","volume":"106","author":"Seabra","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2012.01.018","article-title":"Characterization of Anticipatory Behaviour in Domesticated Horses (Equus Caballus)","volume":"138","author":"Peters","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2018.12.001","article-title":"How Owners Determine If the Social and Behavioral Needs of Their Horses Are Being Met: Findings from an Australian Online Survey","volume":"29","author":"Thompson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1080\/10888705.2021.1981902","article-title":"A Framework for Using Epidemiology in Animal Welfare Science","volume":"26","author":"Mata","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Welf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2004.08.005","article-title":"The Short-Term Effects of Increasing Meal Frequency on Stereotypic Behaviour of Stabled Horses","volume":"90","author":"Cooper","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2011.08.007","article-title":"Effect of Manual and Motorized Dental Rasping Instruments on Thoroughbred\u2019s Heart Rate and Behavior","volume":"7","author":"Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2020.05.012","article-title":"Discovering the Relationship between Dietary Nutrients and Cortisol and Ghrelin Hormones in Horses Exhibiting Oral Stereotypic Behaviors: A Review","volume":"39","author":"Hanis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(00)00115-5","article-title":"The Effect of Increasing Visual Horizons on Stereotypic Weaving: Implications for the Social Housing of Stabled Horses","volume":"69","author":"Cooper","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2008.01.006","article-title":"Estimation of Saliva Production in Crib-Biting and Normal Horses","volume":"28","author":"Moeller","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2013.04.068","article-title":"Equine Stereotypic Behaviors: Causation, Occurrence, and Prevention","volume":"8","author":"Sarrafchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2010.07.002","article-title":"Crib-Biting Behavior in Horses: A Review","volume":"128","author":"Wickens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104911","article-title":"Effects of Different Hay Feeders, Availability of Roughage on Abnormal Behaviors and Cortisol Circadian Rhythm in Horses Kept in Dry Lots","volume":"130","author":"Hess","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104936","article-title":"Time-Budget and Welfare Indicators of Stabled Horses in Three Different Stall Architectures: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"131","author":"Spercoski","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2020.05.010","article-title":"Welfare Benefits after the Implementation of Slow-Feeder Hay Bags for Stabled Horses","volume":"38","author":"Correa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-010-0323-z","article-title":"Stereotyping Starlings Are More \u2018Pessimistic\u2019","volume":"13","author":"Brilot","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watters, J.V., and Krebs, B.L. (2019). Assessing and Enhancing the Welfare of Animals with Equivocal and Reliable Cues. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9090680"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krebs, B.L., Chudeau, K.R., Eschmann, C.L., Tu, C.W., Pacheco, E., and Watters, J.V. (2022). Space, Time, and Context Drive Anticipatory Behavior: Considerations for Understanding the Behavior of Animals in Human Care. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.972217"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Briefer, E.F., Maigrot, A.-L., Mandel, R., Freymond, S.B., Bachmann, I., and Hillmann, E. (2015). Segregation of Information about Emotional Arousal and Valence in Horse Whinnies. Sci. Rep., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09989"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(02)00403-5","article-title":"Standard Housed Rats Are More Sensitive to Rewards than Enriched Housed Rats as Reflected by Their Anticipatory Behaviour","volume":"142","author":"Baars","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2005.10.005","article-title":"Temperament, Stereotypies and Anticipatory Behaviour as Measures of Welfare in Mink","volume":"99","author":"Hansen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2010.00564.x","article-title":"Monitoring Distances Travelled by Horses Using GPS Tracking Collars","volume":"88","author":"Hampson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griffin, K.E., Arndt, S.S., and Vinke, C.M. (2023). The Adaptation of Maslow\u2019s Hierarchy of Needs to the Hierarchy of Dogs\u2019 Needs Using a Consensus Building Approach. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13162620"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.20829.1","article-title":"Food as Circadian Time Cue for Appetitive Behavior","volume":"9","author":"Mistlberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"F1000Research"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/24\/3677\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:56:08Z","timestamp":1760115368000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/24\/3677"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ani14243677"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani14243677","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-2615"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]}}}