{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T20:25:08Z","timestamp":1773347108698,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/13887\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/13887\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["CAPES 88887.610742\/2021-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAPES 88887.610742\/2021-00"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian Government","award":["SFRH\/BD\/13887\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/13887\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian Government","award":["CAPES 88887.610742\/2021-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAPES 88887.610742\/2021-00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lymphoma accounts for 24% of all documented canine neoplasms and 85% of hematological malignancies, while multicentric lymphoma corresponds to 84% of all canine lymphomas. Canine lymphomas of B-cell origin account for 60% to 80% of lymphomas. Similar to humans, the histologic grade, architecture, as well as immunophenotype determination, are crucial. These lesions are the most prevalent spontaneous tumors in dogs and this species may be a valuable animal model for the study of human non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma. Therefore, it is important to investigate and assess therapeutic responses and to seek predictive and prognostic factors in order to allow for the development of an individualized and more effective therapy that increases survival. This review aims to describe current knowledge on the diagnosis, treatment, and prognostic factors of canine multicentric lymphoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15030391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T11:08:23Z","timestamp":1738235303000},"page":"391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Canine Multicentric Lymphoma: Diagnostic, Treatment, and Prognostic Insights"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Michelle do Carmo Pereira","family":"Rocha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinic and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP) \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d, Jaboticabal 01049-010, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9589-3654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"PerMed Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1283-1042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Vale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PerMed Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Josiane Morais","family":"Pazzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic My Pet\u2014UniSALESIANO, Ara\u00e7atuba 16050-130, SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Marcus Ant\u00f4nio Rossi","family":"Feliciano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6463-2144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrigo Barboza","family":"De Nardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinic and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP) \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d, Jaboticabal 01049-010, SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua J\u00falio Amaral de Carvalho, 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Withrow, S.J., Vail, D.M., and Page, R.L. (2013). Hematopoietic Tumors\u2014SECTION A Canine Lymphoma and Lymphoid Leukemias. Withrow & MacEwen\u2019s Small Animal Clinical Oncology, Elsevier Saunders."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Dobson, J.M., and Lascelles, B.D.X. (2011). Tumours of the haemopoietic system. BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Oncology, British Small Animal Veterinary Association."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar\/ilu020","article-title":"Developing T cell cancer immunotherapy in the dog with lymphoma","volume":"55","year":"2014","journal-title":"ILAR J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12576","article-title":"Retrospective study on the occurrence of canine lymphoma and associated breed risks in a population of dogs in NSW (2001\u20132009)","volume":"95","author":"Yau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13054","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for the diagnosis of lymphoma in dogs in UK primary-care practice","volume":"60","author":"Pittaway","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985810379428","article-title":"Classification of canine malignant lymphomas according to the World Health Organization criteria","volume":"48","author":"Valli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2021.10.003","article-title":"Proliferation Activity in Canine Gastrointestinal Lymphoma","volume":"189","author":"Wolfesberger","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5829.2009.00201.x","article-title":"Histopathologic classification of 171 cases of canine and feline non-Hodgkin lymphoma according to the WHO","volume":"8","author":"Vezzali","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1994.9694451","article-title":"Canine malignant lymphoma: A review and comparison with human non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma","volume":"16","author":"Teske","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591753","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/591753","article-title":"Hormonal and sex impact on the epidemiology of canine lymphoma","volume":"2009","author":"Villamil","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17144","article-title":"Association of proteinuria at time of diagnosis with survival times in dogs with lymphoma","volume":"38","author":"Skinner","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.238.4.480","article-title":"Predictors of long-term survival in dogs with high-grade multicentric lymphoma","volume":"238","author":"Marconato","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.254.4.487","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of anemia and erythrocyte morphological anomalies in dogs with lymphoma or inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"254","author":"Carioto","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5829.2010.00230.x","article-title":"CHOP chemotherapy for the treatment of canine multicentric T-cell lymphoma","volume":"9","author":"Rebhun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12589","article-title":"Clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic factors for canine multicentric non-indolent T-cell lymphoma: 107 cases","volume":"18","author":"Purzycka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2016.1152633","article-title":"Canine lymphoma: A review","volume":"36","author":"Zandvliet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1996.9694630","article-title":"Diagnostic value and reproducibility of fine-needle aspiration cytology in canine malignant lymphoma","volume":"18","author":"Teske","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870501700404","article-title":"Use of fine needle aspirates and flow cytometry for the diagnosis, classification, and immunophenotyping of canine lymphomas","volume":"17","author":"Tasca","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2015.02.016","article-title":"Immunohistochemical markers in lymphoid malignancies: Protein correlates of molecular alterations","volume":"32","author":"Ho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zanelli, M., Fragliasso, V., Parente, P., Bisagni, A., Sanguedolce, F., Zizzo, M., Broggi, G., Ricci, S., Palicelli, A., and Foroni, M. (2024). Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) Expression in Lymphomas: State of the Art. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25126447"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110142","article-title":"Increased programmed death ligand (PD-L1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) expression is associated with metastasis and poor prognosis in malignant canine mammary gland tumours","volume":"230","author":"Ariyarathna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2017.10.029","article-title":"Programmed death-1 ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 show distinctive and restricted patterns of expression in lymphoma subtypes","volume":"71","author":"Panjwani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ubiali, A., Cesar Conti, L., Dall\u2019Ara, P., De Maria, R., Aresu, L., Moretti, P., Sini, F., Riondato, F., Stefanello, D., and Comazzi, S. (2024). Exploring the dynamics of Programmed Death-Ligand 1 in canine lymphoma: Unraveling mRNA amount, surface membrane expression and plasmatic levels. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1412227"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2009.10.023","article-title":"Identification of suitable endogenous controls and differentially expressed microRNAs in canine fresh-frozen and FFPE lymphoma samples","volume":"34","author":"Mortarino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.04.029","article-title":"Expression profile of circulating serum microRNAs in dogs with lymphoma","volume":"205","author":"Igarashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Craig, K.K.L., Wood, G.A., Keller, S.M., Mutsaers, A.J., and Wood, R.D. (2019). MicroRNA profiling in canine multicentric lymphoma. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226357"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Sears-Sein, K., and Lymphoma, C.M. (2017). Canine Multicentric Lymphoma: An Overview, University of California. Today\u2019s Veterinary Technician."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2017.09.007","article-title":"PET\/CT in Lymphoma: Current Overview and Future Directions","volume":"48","author":"Cheson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sutthigran, S., Saisawart, P., Soeratanapant, S., Teewasutrakul, P., Sirivisoot, S., Thanaboonnipat, C., Rungsipipat, A., and Choisunirachon, N. (2024). Post-Chemotherapy Canine Lymphomatous Lymph Node Observations on B-Mode and Strain Elastographic Ultrasound. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11080352"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.09.2403","article-title":"Revised response criteria for malignant lymphoma","volume":"25","author":"Cheson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2009.01520.x","article-title":"18FDG-PET imaging in canine lymphoma and cutaneous mast cell tumor","volume":"50","author":"LeBlanc","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2012.01988.x","article-title":"Imaging diagnosis-multicentric lymphoma of granular lymphocytes imaged with FDG PET\/CT in a dog","volume":"54","author":"Ballegeer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-062-1_1","article-title":"FDG-PET\/CT in lymphoma","volume":"727","author":"Juweid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2009.01612.x","article-title":"Use of 3\u2032-deoxy-3\u2032-[18F]fluorothymidine PET\/CT for evaluating response to cytotoxic chemotherapy in dogs with non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma","volume":"50","author":"Lawrence","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-5929","article-title":"Intermittent single-agent doxorubicin for the treatment of canine B-cell lymphoma","volume":"49","author":"Higginbotham","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3193","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17222","article-title":"Comparison of CHOP-19 and CHOP-25 for treatment of peripheral nodal B-cell lymphoma in dogs: A European multicenter retrospective cohort study","volume":"38","author":"Hawkes","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2018.05.010","article-title":"Tanovea\u00ae for the treatment of lymphoma in dogs","volume":"154","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12975","article-title":"Alternating rabacfosadine and doxorubicin for treatment of na\u00efve canine lymphoma","volume":"22","author":"Saba","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12430","article-title":"Canine T cell lymphoma treated with lomustine, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisolone chemotherapy in 35 dogs","volume":"16","author":"Morgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.232.6.879","article-title":"Efficacy of a continuous, multiagent chemotherapeutic protocol versus a short-term single-agent protocol in dogs with lymphoma","volume":"232","author":"Simon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.220.1813","article-title":"Evaluation of treatment with doxorubicin and piroxicam or doxorubicin alone for multicentric lymphoma in dog","volume":"220","author":"Mutsaers","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"188","article-title":"Doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide for the treatment of canine lymphoma: A randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"8","author":"Lori","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19870615)59:12<2011::AID-CNCR2820591207>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"A Preliminary Study on the Evaluation of Asparaginase. Polyethylene Glycol Conjugate Against Canine Malignant Lymphoma","volume":"59","author":"MacEwen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-5379(90)90193-W","article-title":"Polyethylene Glycol-L-asparaginase versus Native L-asparaginase in Canine Non-Hodgkin\u2019s Lymphoma","volume":"26","author":"Teske","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1998.tb02130.x","article-title":"Evaluation of Single-Agent Mitoxantrone as Chemotherapy for Relapsing Canine Lymphoma","volume":"12","author":"Lucroy","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.230.12.1866","article-title":"Lomustine and prednisone as a first-line treatment for dogs with multicentric lymphoma: 17 cases (2004\u20132005)","volume":"230","author":"Sauerbrey","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16875","article-title":"Individualized chemotherapy drug dose escalation in dogs with multicentric lymphoma","volume":"37","author":"Siewert","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12990","article-title":"Use of Lomustine and Prednisolone as First-Line Treatment in Canine Multicentric Lymphoma","volume":"22","author":"Catalucci","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17044","article-title":"Comparison of chemotherapy outcomes between normal and high serum cortisol concentration in dogs with lymphoma","volume":"38","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12318","article-title":"LOPP chemotherapy as a first-line treatment for dogs with T-cell lymphoma","volume":"16","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0289.x","article-title":"Asparaginase and MOPP Treatment of Dogs with Lymphoma","volume":"23","author":"Brodsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12847","article-title":"A Retrospective Study of Multi-agent Chemotherapy including either Cyclophosphamide or Lomustine as Initial Therapy for Canine High-grade T-cell Lymphoma (2011\u20132017)","volume":"97","author":"Elliott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.11.002","article-title":"A longitudinal study of ABC transporter expression in canine multicentric lymphoma","volume":"205","author":"Zandvliet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12039","article-title":"Masitinib reverses doxorubicin resistance in canine lymphoid cells by inhibiting the function of P-glycoprotein","volume":"36","author":"Zandvliet","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5810.2004.00046.x","article-title":"A preliminary assessment of whole-body radiotherapy interposed within a chemotherapy protocol for canine lymphoma","volume":"2","author":"Gustafson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"703","article-title":"Chemotherapy Followed by Half-Body Radiation Therapy for Canine Lymphoma","volume":"18","author":"Williams","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0353.x","article-title":"Sequential Low-Dose Rate Half-Body Irradiation and Chemotherapy for the Treatment of Canine Multicentric Lymphoma","volume":"23","author":"Lurie","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-11-492231","article-title":"Antibody-modified T cells: CARs take the front seat for hematologic malignancies","volume":"123","author":"Maus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-14-2538","article-title":"Cancer immunotherapy and breaking immune tolerance: New approaches to an old challenge","volume":"75","author":"Makkouk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2005.03.005","article-title":"The role of rituximab in the treatment of canine lymphoma: An ex vivo evaluation","volume":"171","author":"Impellizeri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dias, J.N.R., Andre, A.S., Aguiar, S.I., Gil, S., Tavares, L., and Aires-da-Silva, F. (2021). Immunotherapeutic Strategies for Canine Lymphoma: Changing the Odds Against Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.621758"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa4967","article-title":"Adoptive cell transfer as personalized immunotherapy for human cancer","volume":"348","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor, C.M., Sheppard, S., Hartline, C.A., Huls, H., Johnson, M., Palla, S.L., Maiti, S., Ma, W., Davis, R.E., and Craig, S. (2012). Adoptive T-cell therapy improves treatment of canine non-Hodgkin lymphoma post chemotherapy. Sci. Rep., 2.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00249"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci2040363","article-title":"Progress in Adaptive Immunotherapy for Cancer in Companion Animals: Success on the Path to a Cure","volume":"2","author":"Anderson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-04-1944","article-title":"In vitro Canine Distemper Virus Infection of Canine Lymphoid Cells: A Prelude to Oncolytic Therapy for Lymphoma","volume":"11","author":"Suter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez, D., Pelayo, R., Medina, L.A., Vadillo, E., Sanchez, R., Nunez, L., Cesarman-Maus, G., and Sarmiento-Silva, R.E. (2015). Newcastle Disease Virus: Potential Therapeutic Application for Human and Canine Lymphoma. Viruses, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/v8010003"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12124","article-title":"The effects of oncolytic reovirus in canine lymphoma cell lines","volume":"14","author":"Hwang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5829.2010.00234.x","article-title":"Immunotherapy with autologous tumour antigen-coated microbeads (large multivalent immunogen), IL-2 and GM-CSF in dogs with spontaneous B-cell lymphoma","volume":"9","author":"Henson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197711)40:5<2102::AID-CNCR2820400519>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Chemoimmunotherapy for canine lymphosarcoma","volume":"40","author":"Crow","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1980.41.04.516","article-title":"Chemoimmunotherapy for canine lymphosarcoma: A prospective evaluation of specific and nonspecific immunomodulation","volume":"41","author":"Weller","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"168","article-title":"Intralymphatic autochthonous tumor cell vaccine in canine lymphoma","volume":"5","author":"Jeglum","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Biol. Response Mod."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19880515)61:10<2042::AID-CNCR2820611019>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Chemotherapy versus chemotherapy with intralymphatic tumor cell vaccine in canine lymphoma","volume":"61","author":"Jeglum","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1989.50.04.488","article-title":"In vitro immune monitoring of antibody response in dogs given chemoimmunotherapy for lymphoma","volume":"50","author":"Jeglum","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sorenmo, K.U., Krick, E., Coughlin, C.M., Overley, B., Gregor, T.P., Vonderheide, R.H., and Mason, N.J. (2011). CD40-activated B cell cancer vaccine improves second clinical remission and survival in privately owned dogs with non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024167"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2010.104","article-title":"A vaccine targeting telomerase enhances survival of dogs affected by B-cell lymphoma","volume":"18","author":"Peruzzi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2013.112","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of a genetic vaccine targeting telomerase plus chemotherapy for the therapy of canine B-cell lymphoma","volume":"24","author":"Gavazza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-018-1738-6","article-title":"Tel-eVax: A genetic vaccine targeting telomerase for treatment of canine lymphoma","volume":"16","author":"Impellizeri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-13-2283","article-title":"Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded chemoimmunotherapy clinical trial in a pet dog model of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","volume":"20","author":"Marconato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.08.017","article-title":"Enhanced therapeutic effect of APAVAC immunotherapy in combination with dose-intense chemotherapy in dogs with advanced indolent B-cell lymphoma","volume":"33","author":"Marconato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0624-y","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges of active immunotherapy in dogs with B-cell lymphoma: A 5-year experience in two veterinary oncology centers","volume":"7","author":"Marconato","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-018-0191-1","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors: Recent progress and potential biomarkers","volume":"50","author":"Darvin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2017.434","article-title":"Mechanisms of resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"118","author":"Jenkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12386","article-title":"Checkpoint molecule expression by B and T cell lymphomas in dogs","volume":"16","author":"Hartley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tagawa, M., Kurashima, C., Takagi, S., Maekawa, N., Konnai, S., Shimbo, G., Matsumoto, K., Inokuma, H., Kawamoto, K., and Miyahara, K. (2018). Evaluation of costimulatory molecules in dogs with B cell high grade lymphoma. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201222"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-16-0105","article-title":"Eradication of Canine Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma in a Murine Xenograft Model with CD47 Blockade and Anti-CD20","volume":"4","author":"Weiskopf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadowski, A.R., Gardner, H.L., Borgatti, A., Wilson, H., Vail, D.M., Lachowicz, J., Manley, C., Turner, A., Klein, M.K., and Waite, A. (2018). Phase II study of the oral selective inhibitor of nuclear export (SINE) KPT-335 (verdinexor) in dogs with lymphoma. BMC Vet. Res., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1587-9"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2003.10.009","article-title":"Prognostic significance of morphological subtypes in canine malignant lymphomas during chemotherapy","volume":"167","author":"Ponce","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19900801)66:3<480::AID-CNCR2820660314>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"Lymphomas in Dogs A Morphologic, Immunologic, and Clinical Study","volume":"66","author":"Greenlee","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985813478210","article-title":"Canine lymphomas: Association of classification type, disease stage, tumor subtype, mitotic rate, and treatment with survival","volume":"50","author":"Valli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12304","article-title":"Flow Cytometric Characterization and Clinical Outcome of CD4+ T-Cell Lymphoma in Dogs: 67 Cases","volume":"28","author":"Avery","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12184","article-title":"Prognostic significance of Ki67 evaluated by flow cytometry in dogs with high-grade B-cell lymphoma","volume":"15","author":"Poggi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638717743280","article-title":"Prognostic significance of Ki67 and its correlation with mitotic index in dogs with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with 19-week CHOP-based protocol","volume":"30","author":"Santilli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985812465325","article-title":"Molecular profiling reveals prognostically significant subtypes of canine lymphoma","volume":"50","author":"Frantz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"696","article-title":"Serum Thymidine Kinase Activity in Dogs with Malignant Lymphoma: A Potent Marker for Prognosis and Monitoring the Disease","volume":"18","author":"Einarsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2022.02.019","article-title":"Serum TK1 protein and C-reactive protein correlate to treatment response and predict survival in dogs with hematologic malignancies","volume":"145","author":"Sharif","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5829.2010.00235.x","article-title":"Increased monocyte chemotactic protein-1 concentration and monocyte count independently associate with a poor prognosis in dogs with lymphoma","volume":"9","author":"Perry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson-Robles, H.M., Bygott, T., Kelly, T.K., Miller, T.M., Miller, P., Matsushita, M., Terrell, J., Bougoussa, M., and Butera, T. (2022). Evaluation of plasma nucleosome concentrations in dogs with a variety of common cancers and in healthy dogs. BMC Vet. Res., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03429-8"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J., Bae, H., Ahn, S., Shin, S., Cho, A., Cho, K.W., Jung, D.I., and Yu, D. (2021). Cell-Free DNA as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker in Dogs With Tumors. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.735682"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dolan, C., Miller, T., Jill, J., Terrell, J., Kelly, T.K., Bygott, T., and Wilson-Robles, H. (2021). Characterizing circulating nucleosomes in the plasma of dogs with lymphoma. BMC Vet. Res., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-02991-x"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson-Robles, H., Warry, E., Miller, T., Jarvis, J., Matsushita, M., Miller, P., Herzog, M., Turatsinze, J.V., Kelly, T.K., and Butera, S.T. (2023). Monitoring plasma nucleosome concentrations to measure disease response and progression in dogs with hematopoietic malignancies. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.02.02.526779"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E159","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12364","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of factors affecting clinical outcome following CHOP-based chemotherapy in dogs with primary nodal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","volume":"16","author":"Childress","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12668","article-title":"Peripheral blood cell ratios as prognostic factors in canine diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with CHOP protocol","volume":"19","author":"Henriques","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fanelli, A., Licenziato, L., Mazzone, E., Divari, S., Rinaldi, A., Marino, M., Maga, I., Bertoni, F., Marconato, L., and Aresu, L. (2024). The K9 lymphoma assay allows a genetic subgrouping of canine lymphomas with improved risk classification. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-69716-6"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2013.088161","article-title":"Monocyte count at diagnosis is a prognostic parameter in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: Results from a large multicenter study involving 1191 patients in the pre- and post-rituximab era","volume":"99","author":"Tadmor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1002\/2211-5463.12066","article-title":"Prognostic significance of lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Xia","year":"2016","journal-title":"FEBS Open Bio"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-018-0609-9","article-title":"Prognostic role of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in diffuse large B cell lymphoma patients: An updated dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Mu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-019-0962-3","article-title":"Prognostic impact of platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio on diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: A meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12378","article-title":"Prognostic significance of clinical presentation, induction and rescue treatment in 42 cases of canine centroblastic diffuse large B-cell multicentric lymphoma in the United Kingdom","volume":"16","author":"Davies","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.07.009","article-title":"Peripheral blood lymphocyte\/monocyte ratio as a useful prognostic factor in dogs with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma receiving chemoimmunotherapy","volume":"206","author":"Marconato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. J."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/3\/391\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:38:57Z","timestamp":1759919937000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/3\/391"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ani15030391"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15030391","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]}}}