{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T06:43:38Z","timestamp":1767422618972,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/0592\/2021","2020.04413.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/0592\/2021","2020.04413.BD"]}]},{"name":"Aqua-CLIMADAPT project","award":["PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/0592\/2021","2020.04413.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/0592\/2021","2020.04413.BD"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/0592\/2021","2020.04413.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/0592\/2021","2020.04413.BD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are an emerging challenge for aquaculture, increasing the frequency and severity of disease outbreaks in farmed fish, weakening immunocompetence and compromising overall health and survival. As climate change stressors intensify, there is an urgent need for cost-effective and environmentally friendly strategies to enhance fish resilience. This study investigated the efficacy of Laminaria digitata, a brown macroalga, included in aquafeeds as powder (0.3% and 1.5%) or extract (0.3%) in improving the stress response of juvenile gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) co-exposed to Vibrio harveyi infection during a category III MHW event. Under control conditions, L. digitata supplementation maintained or improved fish growth performance and overall well-being. After MHW exposure, the 1.5% powdered and 0.3% extract diets were more effective in mitigating thermal stress, reducing liver oxidative stress and lowering plasma cortisol levels. In infected fish, these diets improved resistance to V. harveyi, with reduced cortisol and alanine aminotransferase concentrations indicating hepatoprotective properties, and lower lipid peroxidation and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities reflecting an amplified capacity to counteract oxidative stress induced by inflammation. Overall, L. digitata is a promising aquafeed supplement, with the 1.5% powdered form offering a cost-effective alternative to the extract without compromising efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15131970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T11:20:11Z","timestamp":1751628011000},"page":"1970","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Improving Farmed Juvenile Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata) Stress Response to Marine Heatwaves and Vibriosis Through Seaweed-Based Dietary Modulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Al\u00edcia","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5518-5338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isa","family":"Marmelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"IPMA DivAV\u2014Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Biosprospection, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, 1495-165 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Chainho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA DivAV\u2014Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Biosprospection, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, 1495-165 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1182-0868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Bolotas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA DivAV\u2014Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Biosprospection, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, 1495-165 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0447-6009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7813-4592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Cereja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA DivAV\u2014Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Biosprospection, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, 1495-165 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"},{"name":"MARE, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon (FCUL), 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6965-0958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisa","family":"Barata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA-EPPO\u2014Aquaculture Research Station, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, 8700-194 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6746-764X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Pous\u00e3o-Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA-EPPO\u2014Aquaculture Research Station, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, 8700-194 Olh\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0301-6182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elsa F.","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV\u2014Network of Chemistry and Technology\/Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, ISEP\/IPP\u2014Polytechnic of Porto\u2014School of Engineering, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3924-776X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Delerue-Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV\u2014Network of Chemistry and Technology\/Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry, ISEP\/IPP\u2014Polytechnic of Porto\u2014School of Engineering, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1571-0366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio S.","family":"Diniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6745-745X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"IPMA DivAV\u2014Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Biosprospection, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, 1495-165 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Lu\u00edsa","family":"Maulvault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA DivAV\u2014Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Biosprospection, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, 1495-165 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.735888","article-title":"Effect on Health Status and Pathogen Resistance of Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata) Fed with Diets Supplemented with Gracilaria gracilis","volume":"531","author":"Passos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12786","article-title":"Review of Alternatives to Antibiotic Use in Aquaculture","volume":"15","author":"MacKinnon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. 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