{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:38:25Z","timestamp":1760060305630,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010801","name":"Program for Consolidating and Structuring Competitive Research Groups","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ED431C 2023\/04","FPU21\/04523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED431C 2023\/04","FPU21\/04523"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Education and Science","award":["ED431C 2023\/04","FPU21\/04523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED431C 2023\/04","FPU21\/04523"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to assess the current situation of the main nasal bot flies (Cephenemyia stimulator and Oestrus ovis) affecting roe deer in Spain and to identify the factors influencing their spread. Between 2018 and 2025, 1600 roe deer heads were examined. The overall prevalence of C. stimulator was 39.9% (CI 95% 37.5\u201342.3), with a mean larval intensity of 44.1 (SD 71.99). In contrast, a low mean larval burden of O. ovis (2.6; SD 1.90) was found in 1.6% of the animals (CI 95% 1.0\u20132.3). Our findings revealed the first case of mixed myiasis caused by both oestrids. Roe deer abundance was the main risk factor for the prevalence of C. stimulator, whereas larval burden was significantly highest in young animals. In addition, the percentage of infested animals and larval intensity was generally higher in northern areas. The high prevalence of C. stimulator in Spain and its notable increase in recent years indicate that control measures must be taken. Our results reveal that preventing roe deer overpopulation, especially in northern regions of the country, would be key to decreasing the likelihood of nasal bot fly infestation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15162396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T14:24:28Z","timestamp":1755267868000},"page":"2396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distribution of Nasal Myiases Affecting Roe Deer in Spain and Associated Risk Factors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"N\u00e9stor","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Calabuig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INVESAGA Group, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avda Carballo Calero, s\/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9151-3180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ceferino M.","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INVESAGA Group, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avda Carballo Calero, s\/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1712-1282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Salda\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INVESAGA Group, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avda Carballo Calero, s\/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3171-2951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Aranha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Forestry Sciences and Landscape Architecture (CIFAP), University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8071-3806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Remesar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INVESAGA Group, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avda Carballo Calero, s\/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Biodiversidade Agraria e Desenvolvemento Rural (IBADER), Campus Terra, s\/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8588-7071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madalena","family":"Vieira-Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry Sciences and Landscape Architecture (CIFAP), University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Garc\u00eda-Dios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INVESAGA Group, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avda Carballo Calero, s\/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2445-1095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INVESAGA Group, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avda Carballo Calero, s\/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Carlota","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INVESAGA Group, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avda Carballo Calero, s\/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5236-5680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"D\u00edez-Ba\u00f1os","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INVESAGA Group, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avda Carballo Calero, s\/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7171-7162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrocinio","family":"Morrondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INVESAGA Group, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avda Carballo Calero, s\/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3588-7807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosario","family":"Panadero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INVESAGA Group, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avda Carballo Calero, s\/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Biodiversidade Agraria e Desenvolvemento Rural (IBADER), Campus Terra, s\/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Apollonio, M., Andersen, R., and Putman, R. 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