{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T15:52:36Z","timestamp":1759333956053,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"TERANA Laboratories"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Escherichia coli is a significant cause of Neonatal Calf Diarrhoea (NCD). Its extensive antigenic diversity, coupled with the ability to acquire antimicrobial resistance determinants, hampers treatment effectiveness and compromises the control measures. This study investigated the link between the presence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli and virulence factors (VFs) in NCD from central France (Departments of Cantal, Haute-Loire, Loire, and Puy-de-D\u00f4me), between 2016 and 2022. E. coli was identified at TERANA Laboratories, France, using API 20E (BioM\u00e9rieux\u00ae) and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. Virulence factors, namely adhesins, were assessed with the slide agglutination method, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted across various antimicrobial classes. Out of 2367 E. coli strains isolated from cases of NCD, a high percentage were resistant to aminopenicillins (88.8%), aminoglycosides (89.1%), tetracyclines (79.7%), quinolones (48.4%), and sulphonamides (42.4%). More than half (58.6%) carried VFs, and 84.9% exhibited MDR profile, of which 61.34% (1233\/2010) also harboured VFs. The adhesin CS31A-producing E. coli was the most prevalent, followed by the fimbrial adhesins F5 and F17 (60.8%, 20.0%, and 8.3%, respectively), all of which were associated with a high prevalence of MDR strains (79.1\u201393.9%). The highest occurrence of MDR profiles was observed in E. coli strains carrying CS31A and in those lacking VFs, both groups showing co-resistance to aminopenicillins, aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines or sulphonamides. The calf production sector may act as a reservoir for MDR E. coli strains, regardless of the presence of VFs, posing a major threat to public health and safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15192844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T11:40:52Z","timestamp":1759146052000},"page":"2844","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Harbouring the CS31A Virulence Factor in Neonatal Calf Diarrhoea in Central France"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2200-0578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e9mence","family":"Provost","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Veterin\u00e1rias, Escola Universit\u00e1ria Vasco da Gama, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Hadjila","family":"Yanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TERANA\u2014Laboratoires D\u2019Analyses por La Sant\u00e9 Publique, 20, rue Aim\u00e9 Rudel, 63370 Lempdes, Puy-de D\u00f4me, France"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Mosnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TERANA\u2014Laboratoires D\u2019Analyses por La Sant\u00e9 Publique, 20, rue Aim\u00e9 Rudel, 63370 Lempdes, Puy-de D\u00f4me, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4277-4365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Veterin\u00e1rias, Escola Universit\u00e1ria Vasco da Gama, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University Coimbra, 3000-458 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CNC-UC\u2014Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CIBB\u2014Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University Coimbra, 3004-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CIVG\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Vasco da Gama, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7479-8540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela Jorge","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University Coimbra, 3000-458 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CNC-UC\u2014Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CIBB\u2014Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University Coimbra, 3004-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Rita","family":"Pedro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Veterin\u00e1rias, Escola Universit\u00e1ria Vasco da Gama, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CIVG\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Vasco da Gama, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7492-4965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jos\u00e9","family":"Saavedra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobials, Biocides & Biofilms (AB2Lab), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CITAB\u2014Inov4Agro, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CECAV\u2014AL4AnimalS, Animal and Veterinary Research Center, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6760-0148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduarda","family":"Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Veterin\u00e1rias, Escola Universit\u00e1ria Vasco da Gama, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University Coimbra, 3000-458 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CNC-UC\u2014Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CIBB\u2014Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University Coimbra, 3004-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CIVG\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Vasco da Gama, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"CERNAS\u2014Research Center for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prieto, A., Lopez-Novo, C., Diaz, P., Diaz-Cao, J.M., Lopez-Lorenzo, G., Anton, C., Remesar, S., Garcia-Dios, D., Lopez, C., and Panadero, R. 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