{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T11:15:30Z","timestamp":1767611730693,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UID\/04923\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04923\/2025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Effective bovine artificial insemination (AI) training requires balancing technical skill development with animal welfare considerations. Commercial simulators typically replicate Bos taurus anatomy, limiting utility in regions where Bos indicus breeds predominate. This study validates the TrAI4Nel simulator, customized for Nelore cattle AI training. Validation employed a multi-dimensional framework encompassing face, physical, content, construct, and concurrent validity, plus usability and training effectiveness assessments. Of the 85 participants in standardized AI technician courses who were randomly allocated to control (abattoir specimen-based) and experimental (simulator-integrated) groups, 61 provided feedback about TrAI4Nel (19 in the control group and 42 in the experimental group). The simulator was also independently evaluated by 14 AI experts. Trainees rated the simulator highly for anatomical realism and procedural consistency. Compared with abattoir specimens, TrAI4Nel significantly enhanced skill transfer to live animals, particularly cervical pipette navigation and semen deposition identification. The simulator increased trainee confidence, reduced anxiety, and improved perceived preparedness. Performance assessments demonstrated simulator-trained participants achieved significantly higher success rates (78.6%) versus controls (52.6%; p = 0.043), without prolonging completion times. Qualitative feedback emphasized the simulator\u2019s pedagogical value in enhancing anatomical comprehension, skill acquisition, and learner autonomy while supporting animal welfare. Training sequence analysis indicated biological specimen exposure before simulator use may optimize learning efficiency. These findings validate TrAI4Nel as an effective, ethically sound tool for Bos indicus AI training. Simulator integration into curricula provides scalable improvement of reproductive management in zebu-dependent regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15202982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T10:12:29Z","timestamp":1760523149000},"page":"2982","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comprehensive Validation of the TrAI4Nel Simulator for Nelore Artificial Insemination Training: A Controlled Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Heitor","family":"Azuaga-Filho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Federal de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso\u2014Campus C\u00e1ceres, C\u00e1ceres 78201-382, MT, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8232-6722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Federal de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso\u2014Campus C\u00e1ceres, C\u00e1ceres 78201-382, MT, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4879-8624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Cola\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5225-4510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Payan-Carreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7004-516 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Departmento de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7004-516 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1177\/02611929221098138","article-title":"The Use of Simulators for Teaching Practical Clinical Skills to Veterinary Students\u2014A Review","volume":"50","author":"Braid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Altern. 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