{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T09:13:17Z","timestamp":1765876397857,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mammary gland tumors (MGT) are the most common neoplasms in intact female dogs and represent the third most frequent tumor type in female cats. Imaging plays a central role in the diagnosis, staging, and follow-up of these neoplasms. This review summarizes the diagnostic imaging features of canine and feline MGT and the advantages and limitations of each modality. Radiography and computed tomography (CT) are mainly used to detect pulmonary and abdominal metastases, while ultrasonography provides key information about primary tumor size, margins, echogenicity, vascularization, and elasticity. Advanced ultrasound techniques, such as Doppler, contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS), and elastography, improve differentiation between benign and malignant lesions. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers excellent soft-tissue detail and can assist in preoperative planning, whereas nuclear medicine techniques, including scintigraphy and positron emission tomography (PET), allow functional assessment and the early detection of micrometastases. Although histopathology remains the diagnostic gold standard, imaging is indispensable for characterizing primary lesions, evaluating metastatic spread, guiding sampling, and monitoring therapeutic outcomes in small animal oncology. By integrating and comparing the main imaging modalities applied to canine and feline mammary tumors, this review underscores their complementary roles in improving diagnosis, staging, and therapeutic decision-making in small animal oncology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15243506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T10:50:38Z","timestamp":1764931838000},"page":"3506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diagnostic Imaging Features of Mammary Gland Tumors in Dogs and Cats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0585-3905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisa","family":"Esteves-Monteiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (LAQV@REQUIMTE), University of Porto (UP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Hospital of the University of Porto (UPVet), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3873-3886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Patr\u00edcia","family":"Fontes-Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Hospital of the University of Porto (UPVet), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Pharmacological Research and Drug Innovation (MedInUP\/RISE-Health), Department of Immuno-Physiology and Pharmacology, ICBAS-UP, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8158-4743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udia S.","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Hospital of the University of Porto (UPVet), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinics, ICBAS-UP, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associated Laboratory AL4AnimalS, Centre for the Study of Animal Science (CECA), University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vazquez, E., Lipovka, Y., Cervantes-Arias, A., Garibay-Escobar, A., Haby, M.M., Queiroga, F.L., and Velazquez, C. (2023). Canine Mammary Cancer: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. Animals., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13193147"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(03)00020-2","article-title":"Canine Mammary Gland Tumors","volume":"33","author":"Sorenmo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1136\/inpract.11.6.248","article-title":"Mammary Gland Tumours in the Dog","volume":"11","author":"Brearley","year":"1989","journal-title":"Practice"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1136\/inpract.30.6.334","article-title":"Mammary Tumours in Dogs and Cats","volume":"30","author":"Murphy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Practice"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guirguis, P., and Beggs, D.S. (2025). Systematic Review: Does Pre-Pubertal Spaying Reduce the Risk of Canine Mammary Tumours?. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15030436"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13812","article-title":"Effect of Ovariohysterectomy at the Time of Tumor Removal in Dogs with Mammary Carcinomas: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"30","author":"Kristiansen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hart, B.L., Hart, L.A., Thigpen, A.P., and Willits, N.H. (2020). Assisting Decision-Making on Age of Neutering for 35 Breeds of Dogs: Associated Joint Disorders, Cancers, and Urinary Incontinence. Front. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00388"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03064.x","article-title":"Mammary Gland Tumors in Male Dogs","volume":"21","author":"Saba","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1053\/svms.2003.36625","article-title":"Principles of Treatment for Mammary Gland Tumors","volume":"18","author":"Novosad","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Tech. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02658.x","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics of Mammary Carcinoma in Male Cats","volume":"19","author":"Skorupski","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"39","article-title":"Mammary Tumors of the Dog and the Cat: Modern Approaches to Classification and Diagnosis (Review)","volume":"25","author":"Zhelavskyi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Messenger LNU Vet. Med. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022029905001263","article-title":"Feline Mammary Tumours in Comparative Oncology","volume":"72","author":"Zappulli","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dairy Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2010.01.004","article-title":"Early Detection, Aggressive Therapy: Optimizing the Management of Feline Mammary Masses","volume":"12","author":"Hecht","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"431","article-title":"Originalarbeit Zeichen von Metastasen Auf Dem R\u00f6ntgenbild von Hunden Mit Mammatumoren: Eine Retro-Spektive Studie. Signs of Metastatic Disease on Thoracic Radiographs of Dogs Suffering from Mammary Gland Tumours: A Retrospective Study (1990\u20131998)","volume":"146","author":"Baumann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Band"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"651","article-title":"Diagnostic Imaging Findings of Uncommon Sites for Distant Metastasis in Canine Mammary Tumours\u2014Abstracts from the annual meeting of the european college of veterinary diagnostic imaging and european association of veterinary diagnostic imaging","volume":"55","author":"Baptista","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12061","article-title":"Imaging diagnosis\u2014Ultrasonographic appearance of small bowel metastasis from canine mammary carcinoma","volume":"55","author":"Espada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638711416622","article-title":"Inflammatory Mammary Carcinoma with Metastasis to the Brain and Distant Organs in a Spayed Shih Tzu Dog","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2010.02.002","article-title":"Metastasis of Canine Inflammatory versus Non-Inflammatory Mammary Tumours","volume":"143","author":"Clemente","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2006.10.002","article-title":"Primary and Secondary Heart Tumours in Dogs and Cats","volume":"136","author":"Aupperle","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.219.1110","article-title":"Inflammatory Mammary Carcinoma in Dogs: 33 Cases (1995\u20131999)","volume":"219","author":"Alenza","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2004.11.005","article-title":"Standardised B-Scan and A-Scan Echographic Evaluation of Spontaneous Anterior Uveal Melanomas in the Dog","volume":"171","author":"Baptista","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.14405\/kjvr.20210038","article-title":"Cutaneous metastasis of mammary gland tumor in a dog: A case report","volume":"62","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Korean J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X20964416","article-title":"Metastatic Feline Mammary Cancer: Prognostic Factors, Outcome and Comparison of Different Treatment Modalities\u2014A Retrospective Multicentre Study","volume":"23","author":"Petrucci","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e135084","DOI":"10.11606\/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2018.135084","article-title":"Consensus for the Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment of Feline Mammary Tumors","volume":"55","author":"Cassali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues-Jesus, J., Vilhena, H., Canadas-Sousa, A., and Dias-Pereira, P. (2025). Feline Mammary Tumors: A Comprehensive Review of Histological Classification Schemes, Grading Systems, and Prognostic Factors. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12080736"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbagianni, M.S., and Gouletsou, P.G. (2023). Modern Imaging Techniques in the Study and Disease Diagnosis of the Mammary Glands of Animals. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10020083"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez, D., Romero, L., L\u00f3pez, S., Campuzano, M., Ortega, R., Morales, A., Guadarrama, M., Cesarman-Maus, G., Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez, O., and Lizano, M. (2019). 18F-FDG\u2014PET\/CT in Canine Mammary Gland Tumors. Front. Vet. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00280"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.13002","article-title":"Contrast Enhanced Computed Tomography Assessment of Superficial Inguinal Lymph Node Metastasis in Canine Mammary Gland Tumors","volume":"62","author":"Soultani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12723","article-title":"Prevalence of Pulmonary Nodules in Dogs with Malignant Neoplasia as Determined by CT","volume":"60","author":"Lamb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1990.tb00787.x","article-title":"A retrospective evaluation of the radiographic evidence of pulmonary metastatic disease on initial presentation in the dog","volume":"31","author":"Miles","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.240.9.1088","article-title":"Comparison of Three-View Thoracic Radiography and Computed Tomography for Detection of Pulmonary Nodules in Dogs with Neoplasia","volume":"240","author":"Armbrust","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1994.204.02.237","article-title":"Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve Analysis of the Performance of Various Radiographic Protocols When Screening Dogs for Pulmonary Metastases","volume":"204","author":"Barthez","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klaengkaew, A., Sutthigran, S., Thammasiri, N., Yuwatanakorn, K., Thanaboonnipat, C., Ponglowhapan, S., and Choisunirachon, N. (2021). The Evaluation of Non-Anesthetic Computed Tomography for Detection of Pulmonary Parenchyma in Feline Mammary Gland Carcinoma: A Preliminary Study. BMC Vet. Res., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-02950-6"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejro.2022.100467","article-title":"Imaging Techniques in Veterinary Medicine. Part II: Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Nuclear Medicine","volume":"10","author":"Greco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol. Open"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rose, R.J., and Worley, D.R. (2020). A Contemporary Retrospective Study of Survival in Dogs with Primary Lung Tumors: 40 Cases (2005\u20132017). Front. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.519703"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feliciano, M.A.R., de Miranda, B.d.S.P., Aires, L.P.N., Lima, B.B., de Oliveira, A.P.L., Feliciano, G.S.M., and Uscategui, R.A.R. (2023). The Importance of Ultrasonography in the Evaluation of Mammary Tumors in Bitches. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13111742"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejro.2021.100382","article-title":"Imaging Techniques in Veterinary Medicine. Part I: Radiography and Ultrasonography","volume":"8","author":"Meomartino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol. Open."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.3906\/vet-1901-37","article-title":"Abdominal Ultrasonographic Findings in Dogs with Mammary Tumors: Association with Tumor Characteristics and Survival","volume":"43","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.12.019","article-title":"Prognostic Studies of Canine and Feline Mammary Tumours: The Need for Standardized Procedures","volume":"193","author":"Matos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feliciano, M.A.R., Uscategui, R.A.R., Maronezi, M.C., Sim\u00f5es, A.P.R., Silva, P., Gasser, B., Pavan, L., Carvalho, C.F., Canola, J.C., and Vicente, W.R.R. (2017). Ultrasonography Methods for Predicting Malignancy in Canine Mammary Tumors. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178143"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-018-9716-2","article-title":"B-Mode Ultrasound Examination of Canine Mammary Gland Neoplastic Lesions of Small Size (Diameter < 2 cm)","volume":"42","author":"Vannozzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Withrow, S.J., Vail, D.M., and Page, R.L. (2007). Tumors of the Mammary Gland. Withrow & MacEwen\u2019s Small Animal Clinical Oncology, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-072160558-6.50013-7"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1177\/016173469101300201","article-title":"Elastography: A Quantitative Method for Imaging the Elasticity of Biological Tissues","volume":"13","author":"Ophir","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ultrason. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pastor, N., Espadas, L., Santella, M., Ezquerra, L.J., Tarazona, R., and Dur\u00e1n, M.E. (2022). Comparison between Histological Features and Strain Elastographic Characteristics in Canine Mammary Carcinomas. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9010009"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, P., Uscategui, R.A.R., Maronezi, M.C., Gasser, B., Pavan, L., Gatto, I.R.H., de Almeida, V.T., Vicente, W.R.R., and Feliciano, M.A.R. (2018). Ultrasonography for Lymph Nodes Metastasis Identification in Bitches with Mammary Neoplasms. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34806-9"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15469","article-title":"Sonography and Sonoelastography in the Detection of Malignancy in Superficial Lymph Nodes of Dogs","volume":"33","author":"Belotta","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2011.10.026","article-title":"Real-Time Elastography for the Differentiation of Benign and Malignant Superficial Lymph Nodes: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"81","author":"Ying","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2010.08.016","article-title":"Real-Time Qualitative Ultrasound Elastography of Cervical Lymph Nodes in Routine Clinical Practice: Interobserver Agreement and Correlation with Malignancy","volume":"36","author":"Bhatia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2011.03.094","article-title":"Evaluation of Breast Lesions by Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound: Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis","volume":"81","author":"Wan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2009.05.043","article-title":"Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Is Helpful in the Differentiation of Malignant and Benign Breast Lesions","volume":"73","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2008.04.004","article-title":"Evaluation of Breast Lesions with Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Using the Microvascular Imaging Technique: Initial Observations","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1017\/S002202991800002X","article-title":"Use of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonographic Examination to Evaluate Health Status of Mammary Glands of Ewes at the End of a Lactation Period","volume":"85","author":"Mantziaras","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2018.08.036","article-title":"B-Mode and Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography of the Mammary Gland during the Estrous Cycle of Dogs","volume":"199","author":"Vanderperren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stan, F., Gudea, A., Damian, A., Gal, A.F., Papuc, I., Pop, A.R., and Martonos, C. (2020). Ultrasonographic Algorithm for the Assessment of Sentinel Lymph Nodes That Drain the Mammary Carcinomas in Female Dogs. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10122366"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-5629(98)00043-X","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Ultrasound Imaging","volume":"24","author":"Nelson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2004.65.1159","article-title":"Evaluation of Three-Dimensional Ultrasonography of the Bovine Mammary Gland","volume":"65","author":"Franz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1517\/17530059.2011.561314","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Ultrasonography for Breast Malignancy Detection","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Med. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2007.06.004","article-title":"Advanced Imaging for Veterinary Cancer Patients","volume":"37","author":"LeBlanc","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3433","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.28860","article-title":"PET\/CT Imaging in Cancer: Current Applications and Future Directions","volume":"120","author":"Farwell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.12.008","article-title":"PET-Computed Tomography in Veterinary Medicine","volume":"46","author":"Randall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/53\/1\/015","article-title":"Evaluation of Rapid Dual-Tracer 62 Cu-PTSM + 62 Cu-ATSM PET in Dogs with Spontaneously Occurring Tumors","volume":"53","author":"Black","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2013.08.004","article-title":"PET and SPECT Imaging in Veterinary Medicine","volume":"44","author":"LeBlanc","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"117","article-title":"Application of Advanced Imaging Modalities in Veterinary Medicine: A Review","volume":"13","author":"Yitbarek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Res. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2001.9695078","article-title":"Oncological Scintigraphy in Dogs with 99m Technetium MIBI and DMSA(V)\u2014Two Case Reports","volume":"23","author":"Balogh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2013.08.002","article-title":"Liver Scintigraphy in Veterinary Medicine","volume":"44","author":"Morandi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2008.02.010","article-title":"Feline Thyroid Carcinoma: Diagnosis and Response to High-Dose Radioactive Iodine Treatment","volume":"11","author":"Hibbert","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-2998(99)80027-0","article-title":"The Role of 99mTc-Sestamibi and Other Conventional Radiopharmaceuticals in Breast Cancer Diagnosis","volume":"29","author":"Taillefer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Semin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"1","article-title":"Detection of Mammary Adenocarcinoma Metastases in a Cat Through99mtc-Thymine Scintigraphy","volume":"7","author":"Branco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Mex. OA"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2013.08.007","article-title":"Thyroid Scintigraphy in Veterinary Medicine","volume":"44","author":"Daniel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"143","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technique for the Examination of Canine Mammary Tumours","volume":"54","author":"Hevesi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Hung."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.15332\/iteckne.v14i1.1630","article-title":"Linfograf\u00eda Mediante Imagen Por Resonancia Magn\u00e9tica En Modelo Animal Canino","volume":"14","year":"2017","journal-title":"ITECKNE"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.12750\/JET.2017.32.3.183","article-title":"Evaluation of Mammary Gland Calcification in Dogs: Radiography and Computed Tomography","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Reprod. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12460","article-title":"Assessment of Sentinel Lymph Node Metastasis in Canine Mammary Gland Tumors Using Computed Tomographic Indirect Lymphography","volume":"58","author":"Soultani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2012.01227.x","article-title":"Conventional and Doppler Ultrasound for the Differentiation of Benign and Malignant Canine Mammary Tumours","volume":"53","author":"Feliciano","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.67.6.985","article-title":"Comparison of B-Mode and Doppler Ultrasonographic Findings with Histologic Features of Benign and Malignant Mammary Tumors in Dogs","volume":"67","author":"Nyman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"687","article-title":"Ultrasonographic Imaging of Canine Mammary Tumours","volume":"143","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12606","article-title":"Accuracy of Four Ultrasonography Techniques in Predicting Histopathological Classification of Canine Mammary Carcinomas","volume":"59","author":"Feliciano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"211","article-title":"Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Mammary Tumors in Bitches","volume":"15","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1622367","article-title":"Sonographic Examination of Mammary Tumors in Bitches. Part I: Individual Criteria Detectable by Sonography and Their Correlation with Tumor Dignity","volume":"31","author":"Marquardt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tier\u00e4rztl. Prax. Kleintiere."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2016.05.015","article-title":"Comparison between Ultrasonographic Findings of Benign and Malignant Canine Mammary Gland Tumours Using B-Mode, Colour Doppler, Power Doppler and Spectral Doppler","volume":"107","author":"Soler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"101276","article-title":"Clinical and Ultrasonographic Aspects of Benign and Malignant Mammary Tumors in Female Dogs","volume":"48","author":"Guedes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Vet."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hillaert, A., Stock, E., Duchateau, L., de Rooster, H., Devriendt, N., and Vanderperren, K. (2022). B-Mode and Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography Aspects of Benign and Malignant Superficial Neoplasms in Dogs: A Preliminary Study. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12202765"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.2478\/pjvs-2013-0066","article-title":"Application of Shear Wave Elastography in the Diagnosis of Mammary Gland Neoplasm in Dogs","volume":"16","author":"Jankowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massimini, M., Gloria, A., Romanucci, M., Della Salda, L., Di Francesco, L., and Contri, A. (2022). Strain and Shear-Wave Elastography and Their Relationship to Histopathological Features of Canine Mammary Nodular Lesions. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9090506"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12256","article-title":"ARFI Elastography as a Complementary Diagnostic Method for Mammary Neoplasia in Female Dogs\u2014Preliminary Results","volume":"55","author":"Feliciano","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.17221\/87\/2017-VETMED","article-title":"Ultrasonographic Characteristics of Benign Mammary Lesions in Bitches","volume":"63","author":"Gasser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4162-8114","article-title":"Doppler and Elastography as Complementary Diagnostic Methods for Mammary Neoplasms in Female Cats","volume":"67","author":"Feliciano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4162-9885","article-title":"Dopplerfluxometric and Angiogenic Analysis of Canine Mammary Tumors","volume":"70","author":"Navarro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"274608","article-title":"Canine Mammary Mixed Tumours: A Review","volume":"2012","author":"Ferreira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seiler, S.M.F., Baumgartner, C., Hirschberger, J., Beer, A.J., Br\u00fchschwein, A., Kreutzmann, N., Laberke, S., Wergin, M.C., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., and Brandl, J. (2015). Comparative Oncology: Evaluation of 2-Deoxy-2-[18F]Fluoro-D-Glucose (FDG) Positron Emission Tomography\/Computed Tomography (PET\/CT) for the Staging of Dogs with Malignant Tumors. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127800"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.786","article-title":"Evaluation of a Dog with Inflammatory Mammary Carcinoma Using 18 F-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-d-glucose Positron Emission Tomography\/Computed Tomography","volume":"8","author":"Koo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"710","article-title":"A Necropsy Study of Canine Malignant Mammary Neoplasms","volume":"151","author":"Fidler","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-52-20","article-title":"Survey Radiography and Computerized Tomography Imaging of the Thorax in Female Dogs with Mammary Tumors","volume":"52","author":"Otoni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"393","article-title":"Radiographic Assessment of Pulmonary Metastatic Lesions in Superficial Cutaneous and Mammary Neoplasms in Dogs","volume":"52","author":"Lekshmi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1998.tb00317.x","article-title":"Radiographic Patterns of Pulmonary Metastasis in 25 Cats","volume":"39","author":"Forrest","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.11606\/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2007.26636","article-title":"Tomografia Computadorizada do T\u00f3rax de Cadelas Portadoras de Neoplasias Malignas. II\u2014Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o dos Campos Pulmonares","volume":"44","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Braz. J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2012.01949.x","article-title":"Comparison of Abdominal Computed Tomography and Abdominal Ultrasound in Sedated Dogs","volume":"53","author":"Fields","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X2011001100012","article-title":"Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o Ultrassonogr\u00e1fica de Linfonodos na Pesquisa de Met\u00e1stases de Neoplasia Mam\u00e1ria em Cadelas","volume":"31","author":"Muramoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pesq. Vet. Bras."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9998025","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9998025","article-title":"Sonographic Assessment of the Normal and Abnormal Feline Mammary Glands and Axillary and Inguinal Lymph Nodes","volume":"2021","author":"Moraes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"267","article-title":"Diagn\u00f3stico Precoce de Met\u00e1stase Pulmonar: Compara\u00e7\u00e3o entre a Radiografia Convencional e a Cintilografia com Timina-99mTc em Cadela com Tumor de Mama\u2014Relato de Caso","volume":"35","author":"Sena","year":"2013","journal-title":"Braz. J. Vet. Med."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/24\/3506\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T09:09:53Z","timestamp":1765876193000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/15\/24\/3506"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ani15243506"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani15243506","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-2615"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]}}}