{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T07:29:58Z","timestamp":1772177398744,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) is one of the most abundant small cetaceans along the Galician coast and a definitive host for the nematode parasite Anisakis, which is transmitted to cetaceans through the food chain. This study aimed to analyse which factors, including dolphin diet, affect the parasitic load. Samples of stomach contents from stranded dolphins along the Galician coast (2004\u20132024) were examined. The number of parasites was counted, and the contribution of different prey species to the diet was analysed based on hard remains. Generalised Additive Models (GAMs) were used to assess the relationships between parasitic load (number of Anisakis in the stomach) and various putative explanatory variables (e.g., year, month, size, sex, latitude, body condition, cause of death and diet of the dolphins). Results showed an increase in parasitic load over the years and a seasonal pattern, with numbers peaking in the first months of the year. A significant positive relationship was found between dolphin length and Anisakis load. In addition, dolphins that died from bycatch had the lowest parasitic loads. The numbers of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) in the stomach had a significant effect on parasite load: parasite abundance decreased as the numbers of these prey species in the stomach increased. This result confirms the influence of diet on Anisakis load, although it does not reveal which species contribute the most to the parasite load. The study offers insights into how diet and other ecological factors influence the parasitic load in D. delphis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani16040682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T11:39:10Z","timestamp":1771846750000},"page":"682","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Parasite (Anisakis spp.) Load and Its Relationship with Diet in Common Dolphins (Delphinus delphis) Along the Coast of Galicia (NW Spain)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Elisa","family":"Rueda-D\u00edez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Vigo, Campus Do Mar, 36210 Vigo, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2729-8348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gema","family":"Hernandez-Milian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Oceanogr\u00e1fico de Vigo, Instituto Espa\u00f1ol de Oceanograf\u00eda (IEO-CSIC), 36390 Vigo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6220-420X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Hernandez-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain"},{"name":"Centro Oceanogr\u00e1fico de Vigo, Instituto Espa\u00f1ol de Oceanograf\u00eda (IEO-CSIC), 36390 Vigo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Silvina","family":"Ivaylova Tsanicheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien T.","family":"Jacquot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et Technologies, La Rochelle Universit\u00e9, 17000 La Rochelle, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8313-5343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie A. C.","family":"Petitguyot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Oceanogr\u00e1fico de Vigo, Instituto Espa\u00f1ol de Oceanograf\u00eda (IEO-CSIC), 36390 Vigo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4507-2943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Covelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinadora para o Estudio dos Mam\u00edferos Mari\u00f1os (CEMMA), 36380 Gondomar, Spain"}]},{"given":"Xabier","family":"Pin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinadora para o Estudio dos Mam\u00edferos Mari\u00f1os (CEMMA), 36380 Gondomar, Spain"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinadora para o Estudio dos Mam\u00edferos Mari\u00f1os (CEMMA), 36380 Gondomar, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Graham J.","family":"Pierce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehlhorn, H. (2011). Anisakid Nematode (Ascaridoidea) Life Cycles and Distribution: Increasing Zoonotic Potential in the Time of Climate Change?. Progress in Parasitology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-21396-0"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"150","article-title":"Anisakis Simplex: Current Knowledge","volume":"44","author":"Pravettoni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Ann. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2017.12.001","article-title":"Chapter Four\u2014Molecular Epidemiology of Anisakis and Anisakiasis: An Ecological and Evolutionary Road Map","volume":"Volume 99","author":"Rollinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Advances in Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03137","article-title":"Gastric Lesions in Dolphins Stranded along the Eastern Adriatic Coast","volume":"125","author":"Hrabar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Org."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.159.13.410","article-title":"Pathological and Immunohistochemical Study of Gastrointestinal Lesions in Dolphins Stranded in the Canary Islands","volume":"159","author":"Jaber","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00061.x","article-title":"A Survey of the Helminth Parasites of Cetaceans Stranded on the Coast of England and Wales during the Period 1990\u20131994","volume":"244","author":"Gibson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-13-278","article-title":"Identification of Autoclave-Resistant Anisakis Simplex Allergens","volume":"77","author":"Olivares","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"e8719","article-title":"Re-Evaluation of Certain Aspects of the EFSA Scientific Opinion of April 2010 on Risk Assessment of Parasites in Fishery Products, Based on New Scientific Data. Part 1: ToRs1\u20133","volume":"22","author":"Koutsoumanis","year":"2024","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Gilles, A., Authier, M., Ramirez-Martinez, M., Araujo, N.C., Blanchard, H., Carlstr\u00f6m, J., Eira, J., Doremus, C., Fernandez-Maldonado, G., and Gelhoed, C. (2023). Estimates of Cetacean Abundance in European Atlantic Waters in Summer 2022 from the SCANS-IV Aerial and Shipboard Surveys, Stiftung Tier\u00e4rztliche Hochschule Hannover."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-017-3200-3","article-title":"Factors Driving Patterns and Trends in Strandings of Small Cetaceans","volume":"164","author":"Saavedra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"5","article-title":"Estudio de Eventos Oce\u00e1nicos En La Costa Gallego-Portuguesa Usando Correlaci\u00f3n de Im\u00e1genes NOAAAVHRR y Vientos Geostr\u00f3ficos","volume":"5","author":"Torres","year":"1995","journal-title":"Rev. Asoc. Espa\u00f1ola  Teledetecci\u00f3n"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2011.11.014","article-title":"The Significance of Stranding Data as Indicators of Cetacean Populations at Sea: Modelling the Drift of Cetacean Carcasses","volume":"18","author":"Peltier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Carvalho, F.L. (2018). Arrojamentos de Cet\u00e1ceos ao Longo da Costa do Algarve: Causas de Morte e Ensaios Piloto de Mitiga\u00e7\u00e3o com Alarmes Ac\u00fasticos em Pescarias Costeiras Algarvias. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidade do Algarve]."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fsaf194","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsaf194","article-title":"European Stranding Networks as a Tool for Monitoring Marine Mammal Populations (Part I): Towards Optimising the Functioning of Networks","volume":"82","author":"Petitguyot","year":"2025","journal-title":"ICES J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2003.tb01121.x","article-title":"A Model Life Table for Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the Indian River Lagoon System, Florida, U.S.A","volume":"19","author":"Stolen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mar. Mammal Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"W\u00fcrsig, B., Thewissen, J.G.M., and Kovacs, K.M. (2018). Common Dolphin: Delphinus Delphis. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, Academic Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3354\/meps10233","article-title":"Long-Term Variation in Common Dolphin Diet in Relation to Prey Abundance","volume":"481","author":"Santos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Gonz\u00e1lez, A. (2023). Diet Analysis of the Main Cetacean\u2019s Species in Waters of the North-West Iberian Peninsula and Analysis of Macro and Microplastics in Their Stomachs. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad de Vigo]."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315498000654","article-title":"Diet of Common Dolphins, Delphinus Delphis, off the Portuguese Continental Coast","volume":"79","author":"Silva","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-018-3285-3","article-title":"Feeding Ecology of the Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis) in Western Iberian Waters: Has the Decline in Sardine (Sardina pilchardus) Affected Dolphin Diet?","volume":"165","author":"Nicolau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360100389","article-title":"Anisakis Infestation in Marine Fish and Cephalopods from Galician Waters: An Updated Perspective","volume":"87","author":"Abollo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2007.09.031","article-title":"Parasites as Biological Tags for Stock Identification of Atlantic Horse Mackerel Trachurus trachurus L","volume":"89","author":"MacKenzie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fish. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Gomes, T.A.L. (2014). Anisakis spp.: Relev\u00e2ncia da Sua Pesquisa e Identifica\u00e7\u00e3o em Peixes. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidade de Lisboa]."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Debenedetti, \u00c1.L., Madrid, E., Trelis, M., Codes, F.J., Gil-G\u00f3mez, F., S\u00e1ez-Dur\u00e1n, S., and Fuentes, M.V. (2019). Prevalence and Risk of Anisakid Larvae in Fresh Fish Frequently Consumed in Spain: An Overview. Fishes, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes4010013"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2017.07.030","article-title":"Anisakis Species Composition and Infection Characteristics in Atlantic Mackerel, Scomber Scombrus, from Major European Fishing Grounds\u2014Reflecting Changing Fish Host Distribution and Migration Pattern","volume":"202","author":"Levsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fish. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2017.06.019","article-title":"Scoring the Parasite Risk in Highly-Valuable Fish Species from Southern ICES Areas","volume":"202","author":"Abollo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fish. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.11.019","article-title":"Genetic Identification and Distribution of the Parasitic Larvae of Anisakis pegreffii and Anisakis simplex (s. s.) in European Hake Merluccius Merluccius from the Tyrrhenian Sea and Spanish Atlantic Coast: Implications for Food Safety","volume":"198","author":"Cipriani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2017.12.008","article-title":"The NE Atlantic European Hake: A Neglected High Exposure Risk for Zoonotic Parasites in European Fish Markets","volume":"202","author":"Pascual","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fish. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuentes, M.V., Madrid, E., Cuesta, C., Gimeno, C., Baquedano-Rodr\u00edguez, M., Soriano-S\u00e1nchez, I., Bol\u00edvar, A.M., S\u00e1ez-Dur\u00e1n, S., Trelis, M., and Debenedetti, \u00c1.L. (2022). Anisakid Nematodes and Potential Risk of Human Anisakiasis through the Consumption of Hake, Merluccius spp., Sold Fresh in Spanish Supermarkets. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11060622"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, M.J., Matos, M., Guardone, L., Golden, O., Armani, A., Caldeira, A.J.R., and Vieira-Pinto, M. (2022). Preliminary Data on the Occurrence of Anisakis spp. in European Hake (Merluccius merluccius) Caught Off the Portuguese Coast and on Reports of Human Anisakiosis in Portugal. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020331"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1079\/JOH2004269","article-title":"Endoparasites of the Blue Whiting, Micromesistius Poutassou from North-West Spain","volume":"79","author":"Aznar","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108642","article-title":"Anisakis and Hysterothylacium Species in Mediterranean and North-East Atlantic Fishes Commonly Consumed in Spain: Epidemiological, Molecular and Morphometric Discriminant Analysis","volume":"325","author":"Segovia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2017.09.009","article-title":"A Survey of Zoonotic Nematodes of Commercial Key Fish Species from Major European Fishing Grounds\u2014Introducing the FP7 PARASITE Exposure Assessment Study","volume":"202","author":"Levsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fish. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Kuiken, T., and Garcia-Hartmann, M. (1991, January 13). Cetacean Pathology: Dissection Techniques and Tissue Sampling. Proceedings of the ECS Newsletter, Leiden, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3750\/AIP1976.06.1.08","article-title":"Studies on the Life Cycle and Morphogenesis of Anisakis Simplex (Rudolphi, 1809) (Nematoda: Anisakidae) Cultured in Vitro","volume":"6","author":"Grabda","year":"1976","journal-title":"Acta Ichthyol. Piscat."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"H\u00e4rk\u00f6nen, T. (1986). Guide to the Otoliths of the Bony Fishes of the Northeast Atlantic, Danbiu ApS. Biological Consultants."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Otolith Atlas of Southern African Marine Fishes","volume":"1","author":"Smale","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ichthyol. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Watt, J., Pierce, G.J., and Boyle, P.R. (1997). Guide to the Identification of North Sea Fish Using Premaxillae and Vertebrae, International Council for the Exploration of the Sea."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315401004714","article-title":"Stomach contents of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Scottish waters","volume":"81","author":"Santos","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3354\/meps167275","article-title":"Monthly Variation in the Diet of Harbour Seals in Inshore Waters along the Southeast Shetland (UK) Coastline","volume":"167","author":"Brown","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Clarke, M.R. (1986). A Handbook for the Identification of Cephalopod Beaks, Clarendon Press."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Xavier, J.C., and Cherel, Y. (2009). Cephalopod Beak Guide for the Southern Ocean, British Antarctic Survey."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Ped\u00e0, C., Battaglia, P., Romeo, T., Stipa, M.G., Longo, F., Malara, D., Consoli, P., and Andaloro, F. (2022). Photographic Atlas of Cephalopod Beaks from the Mediterranean Sea, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1071\/WR02009","article-title":"The Index of Relative Importance: An Alternative Approach to Reducing Bias in Descriptive Studies of Animal Diets","volume":"29","author":"Hart","year":"2002","journal-title":"Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"R Core Team (2023). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akaike, H. (2011). Akaike\u2019s Information Criterion. International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-04898-2_110"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1139\/f96-264","article-title":"Species and Size Differences in the Digestion of Otoliths and Beaks: Implications for Estimates of Pinniped Diet Composition","volume":"54","author":"Tollit","year":"1997","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1139\/f06-092","article-title":"Robust Digestion and Passage Rate Estimates for Hard Parts of Grey Seal (Halichoerus grypus) Prey","volume":"63","author":"Grellier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e127","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X20000115","article-title":"Recent Increase of Ulcerative Lesions Caused by Anisakis spp. in Cetaceans from the North-East Atlantic","volume":"94","author":"Hazenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2021.11.129","article-title":"Ulcerative Lesions Caused by Anisakis spp. in Stranded Cetaceans along the Portuguese Coast","volume":"191","author":"Lino","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2854","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15048","article-title":"It\u2019s a Wormy World: Meta-Analysis Reveals Several Decades of Change in the Global Abundance of the Parasitic Nematodes Anisakis spp. and Pseudoterranova spp. in Marine Fishes and Invertebrates","volume":"26","author":"Fiorenza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arrebola-Casa\u00f1as, F.J., Garrido, M., Adroher, F.J., Ben\u00edtez, R., and Morales-Yuste, M. (2025). First Insights from On-Board Fish Gutting into the Zoonotic Nematode Burden of Pouting (Trisopterus luscus) at the Point of Sale to the Consumer. Pathogens, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14030252"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2017.08.016","article-title":"Approach to Reduce the Zoonotic Parasite Load in Fish Stocks: When Science Meets Technology","volume":"202","author":"Gracia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fish. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00008541","article-title":"\u201cSpring Rise\u201d of Whaleworm (Anisakis simplex; Nematoda, Ascaridoidea) Third-Stage Larvae in Some Fish Species from Norwegian Waters","volume":"86","author":"Andersen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Figueiras, F.G., and Niell, F.X. (1987). Distribuci\u00f3n Estacional y Espacial del Fitoplancton en la r\u00eda de Pontevedra (NO de Espa\u00f1a), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1006\/ecss.1996.0155","article-title":"Seasonal Variations of Nutrients, Seston and Phytoplankton, and Upwelling Intensity off La Coru\u00f1a (NW Spain)","volume":"44","author":"Casas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.3989\/scimar.1998.62n4319","article-title":"Primary Production and Phytoplankton in Three Galician Rias Altas (NW Spain): Seasonal and Spatial Variability","volume":"62","author":"Bode","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sci. Mar."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12867","article-title":"The Energetic Costs of Sub-Lethal Helminth Parasites in Mammals: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"97","author":"Shanebeck","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brock, P.M., Hall, A.J., Goodman, S.J., Cruz, M., and Acevedo-Whitehouse, K. (2013). Immune Activity, Body Condition and Human-Associated Environmental Impacts in a Wild Marine Mammal. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067132"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/00364827.1986.10419696","article-title":"The Use and Abuse of Fish Otoliths in Studies of Feeding Habits of Marine Piscivores","volume":"71","author":"Jobling","year":"1986","journal-title":"Sarsia"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2006.07.002","article-title":"Use of Chemical Tracers in Assessing the Diet and Foraging Regions of Eastern North Pacific Killer Whales","volume":"63","author":"Krahn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Sanmart\u00edn, M. (1994). Nematodos Par\u00e1sitos en Peces de las Costas Gallegas, Ediciones D\u00edaz de Santos."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.02.024","article-title":"Fishing Area and Fish Size as Risk Factors of Anisakis Infection in Sardines (Sardina pilchardus) from Iberian Waters, Southwestern Europe","volume":"203","author":"Adroher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuentes, M.V., Madrid, E., Meli\u00e1, L.V., Casa\u00f1, F., S\u00e1ez-Dur\u00e1n, S., Trelis, M., and Debenedetti, \u00c1.L. (2022). Nematode Parasites of the European Pilchard, Sardina Pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792): A Genuine Human Hazard?. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12151877"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"13","article-title":"Occurrence of Anisakis sp. in Fishes off the Portuguese West Coast and Evaluation of Its Zoonotic Potential","volume":"23","author":"Silva","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2025.111741","article-title":"Infection Characteristics of Anisakis Simplex (s.s.) in Squids from NE Atlantic Waters","volume":"181","author":"Giulietti","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3354\/dao023071","article-title":"Helminth Infection in the Short-Finned Squid Illex Coindetii (Cephalopoda, Ommastrephidae) off NW Spain","volume":"23","author":"Pascual","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Org."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.02.020","article-title":"Molecular Identification of Anisakis and Hysterothylacium Larvae in Commercial Cephalopods from the Spanish Mediterranean Coast","volume":"220","author":"Abollo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Bedford, B., Woolner, L., and Jones, B.W. (1986). Length-Weight Relationships for Commercial Fish Species and Conversion Factors for Various Presentations, MAFF, Directorate of Fisheries Research."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3989\/scimar.2003.67s1235","article-title":"Sardine Regime Shifts off Portugal: A Time Series Analysis of Catches and Wind Conditions","volume":"67","author":"Borges","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sci. Mar."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1017\/S002531540007185X","article-title":"Diet of Harbour Seals at Mousa, Shetland, during the Third Quarter of 1994","volume":"77","author":"Brown","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Coull, K. (1989). Length\/Weight Relationships for 88 Species of Fish Encountered in the North East Atlantic, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Hernandez-Milian, G., Santos, M., Pierce, G., Fernandez-Garcia, R., MacLeod, C., and Brier, K. (2005, January 20\u201324). Improvement in Traditional Methods of Studying Marine Mammal Diet: Use of Fish Jaw Bones to Augment Studies Based on Otoliths. Proceedings of the ICES CM Conference, Copenhagen, Denmark."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1578\/AM.41.2.2015.226","article-title":"Insights into the Trophic Ecology of Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Irish Waters","volume":"41","author":"Berrow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquat. Mamm."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315407055233","article-title":"Variability in the Diet of Bottlenose Dolphin, Tursiops Truncatus, in Galician Waters, North-Western Spain, 1990\u20132005","volume":"87","author":"Santos","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/4\/682\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:22:24Z","timestamp":1772169744000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/16\/4\/682"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ani16040682"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani16040682","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]]}}}