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The investigation of an inter-species transfer of emotions via chemosignals was initiated by considerations of the historically anchored interdependence between humans and domesticated species, such as dogs and horses. Indeed, experiments with dogs have demonstrated that human body odors produced under emotional conditions of happiness and fear led dogs to manifest corresponding emotions to those experienced by humans. Preliminary data from horses also show that human body odors collected under fear and happiness conditions activate the autonomic nervous system of horses differentially. These studies indicate the possibility of a road to open our understanding of inter-species emotional communication via chemosignals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9110887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T12:38:23Z","timestamp":1572525503000},"page":"887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Inter- and Intra-Species Communication of Emotion: Chemosignals as the Neglected Medium"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5304-5566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00fcn R.","family":"Semin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"William James Center for Research, ISPA-Instituto Universitario, 1149-041 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4442-2948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Scandurra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5221-5714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Baragli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6540-5952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Lanat\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1176-946X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biagio","family":"D\u2019Aniello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-0992(200009\/10)30:5<595::AID-EJSP23>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"Agenda 2000: Communication: Language as an Implementational Device for Cognition","volume":"30","author":"Semin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. 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