{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T22:33:43Z","timestamp":1763591623403,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00511\/2020","Inn-INDIGO\/0001\/2014","SFRH\/BD\/146028\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00511\/2020","Inn-INDIGO\/0001\/2014","SFRH\/BD\/146028\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-033298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-033298"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reverse osmosis (RO) depends on biocidal agents to control the operating costs associated to biofouling, although this implies the discharge of undesired chemicals into the aquatic environment. Therefore, a system providing pre-treated water free of biocides arises as an interesting solution to minimize the discharge of chemicals while enhancing RO filtration performance by inactivating bacteria that could form biofilms on the membrane system. This work proposes a pretreatment approach based on the immobilization of an industrially used antimicrobial agent (benzalkonium chloride\u2014BAC) into millimetric aluminum oxide particles with prior surface activation with DA\u2014dopamine. The antimicrobial efficacy of the functionalized particles was assessed against Escherichia coli planktonic cells through culturability and cell membrane integrity analysis. The results showed total inactivation of bacterial cells within five min for the highest particle concentration and 100% of cell membrane damage after 15 min for all concentrations. When reusing the same particles, a higher contact time was needed to reach the total inactivation, possibly due to partial blocking of immobilized biocide by dead bacteria adhering to the particles and to the residual leaching of biocide. The overall results support the use of Al2O3-DA-BAC particles as antimicrobial agents for sustainable biocidal applications in continuous water treatment systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10040399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T11:31:59Z","timestamp":1617795119000},"page":"399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["New Functionalized Macroparticles for Environmentally Sustainable Biofilm Control in Water Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ana C.","family":"Barros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8469-4462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis F.","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Juliana P. S.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INL, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre Jos\u00e9 Veiga s\/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41545-019-0039-9","article-title":"Reassessing the projections of the World Water Development Report","volume":"2","author":"Boretti","year":"2019","journal-title":"npj Clean Water"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-9164(01)00295-8","article-title":"Diagnosis, prediction and prevention of biofouling of NF and RO membranes","volume":"139","author":"Vrouwenvelder","year":"2001","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2012.2466","article-title":"Three steps to control biofouling in reverse osmosis systems","volume":"42","author":"Majamaa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Desalination Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.03.026","article-title":"Phosphate limitation to control biofouling","volume":"44","author":"Vrouwenvelder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2014.904294","article-title":"The ability of an antimicrobial agent to penetrate a biofilm is not correlated with its killing or removal efficiency","volume":"30","author":"Melo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-010-2463-0","article-title":"Biological control of microbial attachment: A promising alternative for mitigating membrane biofouling","volume":"86","author":"Xiong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01728","article-title":"Review of antimicrobial resistance in the environment and its relevance to environmental regulators","volume":"7","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. 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