{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T23:48:25Z","timestamp":1768434505856,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000012 (HealthyAging2020)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000012 (HealthyAging2020)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fungal infections remain a major health concern with aromatic plants and their metabolites standing out as promising antifungal agents. The present study aims to assess, for the first time, the antifungal and anti-inflammatory potential of Bupleurum subsp. paniculatum (Brot.) H.Wolff essential oil from Portugal. The oil obtained by hydrodistillation and characterized by GC-MS, showed high amounts of monoterpene hydrocarbons, namely \u03b1-pinene (29.0\u201336.0%), \u03b2\u2013pinene (26.1\u201330.7%) and limonene (10.5\u201313.5%). The antifungal potential was assessed, according to CLSI guidelines, against several clinical and collection strains. The essential oil showed a broad fungicidal effect being more potent against Cryptococcus neoformans and dermatophytes. Moreover, a significant germ tube inhibition was observed in Candida albicans as well as a disruption of mature biofilms, thus pointing out an effect of the oil against relevant virulent factors. Furthermore, fungal ultrastructural modifications were detected through transmission electron microscopy, highlighting the nefarious effect of the oil. Of relevance, the oil also evidenced anti-inflammatory activity through nitric oxide inhibition in macrophages activated with lipopolysaccharide. In addition, the essential oil\u2019s bioactive concentrations did not present toxicity towards macrophages. Overall, the present study confirmed the bioactive potential of B. rigidum subsp. paniculatum essential oil, thus paving the way for the development of effective drugs presenting concomitantly antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10050592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T04:25:07Z","timestamp":1621225507000},"page":"592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Antifungal and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Bupleurum rigidum subsp. paniculatum (Brot.) H.Wolff Essential Oil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Zuzarte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2692-7691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro M. P.","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences, BioISI\u2014Biosystems &amp; Integrative Sciences Institute, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5270-3993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge M.","family":"Alves-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria J.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre (CIEPQPF), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5937-1127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Cavaleiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre (CIEPQPF), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9846-6754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"L\u00edgia","family":"Salgueiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre (CIEPQPF), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bongomin, F., Gago, S., Oladele, R., and Denning, D. 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