{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T04:17:12Z","timestamp":1776399432539,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Mass Spectrometry Network","award":["LIS-BOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125-IST"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LIS-BOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125-IST"]}]},{"name":"\u201cMelhoria da avalia\u00e7\u00e3o do estado das massas de \u00e1gua\u201d","award":["Project POSEUR-03-2013-FC-000001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project POSEUR-03-2013-FC-000001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Environmental monitoring, particularly of water, is crucial to screen and preselect potential hazardous substances for policy guidance and risk minimisation strategies. In Portugal, extensive data are missing. This work aimed to perform a qualitative survey of antibiotics in surface- groundwater, reflecting demographic, spatial, consumption and drug profiles during an observational period of three years. A passive sampling technique (POCIS) and high-resolution chromatographic system were used to monitor and analyse the antibiotics. The most frequently detected antibiotics were enrofloxacin\/ciprofloxacin and tetracycline in surface-groundwater, while clarithromycin\/erythromycin and sulfamethoxazole were identified only in surface water. The detection of enzyme inhibitors (e.g., tazobactam\/cilastatin) used exclusively in hospitals and abacavir, a specific human medicine was also noteworthy. North (Guimar\u00e3es, Santo Tirso and Porto) and South (Faro, Olh\u00e3o and Portim\u00e3o) Portugal were the regions with the most significant frequency of substances in surface water. The relatively higher detection downstream of the effluent discharge points compared with a low detection upstream could be attributed to a low efficiency in urban wastewater treatment plants and an increased agricultural pressure. This screening approach is essential to identify substances in order to perform future quantitative risk assessment and establishing water quality standards. The greatest challenge of this survey data is to promote an ecopharmacovigilance framework, implement measures to avoid misuse\/overuse of antibiotics and slow down emission and antibiotic resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10080888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T11:53:23Z","timestamp":1626868403000},"page":"888","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Identification of Antibiotics in Surface-Groundwater. A Tool towards the Ecopharmacovigilance Approach: A Portuguese Case-Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Paula","family":"Viana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ag\u00eancia Portuguesa do Ambiente (APA), Rua da Murgueira, 9, Zambujal, Alfragide, 2610-124 Amadora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5645-1298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonor","family":"Meisel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autoridade Nacional do Medicamento e Produtos de Sa\u00fade, I.P. (INFARMED), Avenida do Brasil, 53, 1749-004 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Systems Integration Pharmacology, Clinical & Regulatory Science, Research Institute for Medicines (iMED.ULisboa), 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ag\u00eancia Portuguesa do Ambiente (APA), Rua da Murgueira, 9, Zambujal, Alfragide, 2610-124 Amadora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ros\u00e1rio","family":"de Jesus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ag\u00eancia Portuguesa do Ambiente (APA), Rua da Murgueira, 9, Zambujal, Alfragide, 2610-124 Amadora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Georgina","family":"Sarmento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de An\u00e1lises, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2597-6651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Vasco da Gama (CIVG), Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Veterin\u00e1rias, Escola Universit\u00e1ria Vasco da Gama (EUVG), Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Lordem\u00e3o, Av. Jos\u00e9 R. Sousa Fernandes 197, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"REQUIMTE-LAQV, Laborat\u00f3rio de Bromatologia e Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia da Universidade de Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2761-0955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Sepodes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Systems Integration Pharmacology, Clinical & Regulatory Science, Research Institute for Medicines (iMED.ULisboa), 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de An\u00e1lises, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7531-757X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida M. Correia","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de An\u00e1lises, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7394-3785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anabela","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Vasco da Gama (CIVG), Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Veterin\u00e1rias, Escola Universit\u00e1ria Vasco da Gama (EUVG), Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Lordem\u00e3o, Av. Jos\u00e9 R. Sousa Fernandes 197, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3068-4920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2005.09.009","article-title":"Ecotoxicology of Human Pharmaceuticals","volume":"76","author":"Fent","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cunningham, V.L. (2004). Special Characteristics of Pharmaceuticals Related to Environmental Fate. Pharm. 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