{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T17:35:39Z","timestamp":1772300139426,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,26]],"date-time":"2021-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neonatal calves are commonly affected by diarrhea caused by different pathogens, but not always bacteria. Yet, antibiotics are routinely used as a treatment to an unknown extent. It was our goal to survey antibiotic use for the treatment of neonatal calf diarrhea in different countries and to identify influencing factors. A total of 873 farmers and veterinarians in Austria, Belgium, Portugal, and Scotland participated in a voluntary online survey. The data were analyzed using classification and regression tree analyses and chi2 tests. Overall, 52.5% of the participants stated that they use antibiotics when treating neonatal calf diarrhea. Of those, 27% use them always, and 45% use highest priority critically important antibiotics. The most important factor differentiating antibiotic use practices was the country the participants were from, which could be due to regulatory differences between the countries. All antibiotic products stated were licensed for use in cattle, but several were not licensed for the treatment of diarrhea in calves. Our study shows that there is an urgent need for more scientific evidence to define best practices for the treatment of neonatal calf diarrhea. Furthermore, consensual criteria for antibiotic therapy must be defined, and targeted training for farmers and veterinarians must be provided.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10080910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,26]],"date-time":"2021-07-26T04:19:30Z","timestamp":1627273170000},"page":"910","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["The Antibiotic Treatment of Calf Diarrhea in Four European Countries: A Survey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4699-1001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cassandra","family":"Eibl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2524-9887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Bexiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8972-1327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Viora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1GH, UK"}]},{"given":"Hugues","family":"Guyot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Production Animals, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"F\u00e9lix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Wilms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tierarztpraxis Geisenhausen, 84144 Geisenhausen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Tichy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Platform Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3578-1233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Hund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Agricultural Center for Cattle, Grassland, Dairy, Game and Fisheries of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg (LAZBW), 88326 Aulendorf, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(05)72979-9","article-title":"A Survey on Antibiotic Usage in Dairy Herds in Pennsylvania","volume":"88","author":"Sawant","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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