{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T00:19:54Z","timestamp":1778285994454,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) and Dire\u00e7\u00e3o Geral do Ensino Superior (DGES) budgets","award":["\u201cVer\u00e3o com Ci\u00eancia\u201d"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u201cVer\u00e3o com Ci\u00eancia\u201d"]}]},{"name":"Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Bio-technology and Energy \u2013 LEPABE - funded by national funds through the FCT\/MCTES (PID-DAC)","award":["Base Funding - UIDB\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Base Funding - UIDB\/00511\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["PTDC\/CTMCOM\/4844\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CTMCOM\/4844\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["Scientific Employment Stimulus-Individual Call-[CEECIND\/01700\/2017]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Scientific Employment Stimulus-Individual Call-[CEECIND\/01700\/2017]"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Novel technologies to prevent biofilm formation on urinary tract devices (UTDs) are continually being developed, with the ultimate purpose of reducing the incidence of urinary infections. Probiotics have been described as having the ability to displace adhering uropathogens and inhibit microbial adhesion to UTD materials. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of pre-established Lactobacillus plantarum biofilms on the adhesion of Escherichia coli to medical-grade silicone. The optimal growth conditions of lactobacilli biofilms on silicone were first assessed in 12-well plates. Then, biofilms of L. plantarum were placed in contact with E. coli suspensions for up to 24 h under quasi-static conditions. Biofilm monitoring was performed by determining the number of culturable cells and by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Results showed significant reductions of 76%, 77% and 99% in E. coli culturability after exposure to L. plantarum biofilms for 3, 6 and 12 h, respectively, corroborating the CLSM analysis. The interactions between microbial cell surfaces and the silicone surface with and without L. plantarum biofilms were also characterized using contact angle measurements, where E. coli was shown to be thermodynamically less prone to adhere to L. plantarum biofilms than to silicone. Thus, this study suggests the use of probiotic cells as potential antibiofilm agents for urinary tract applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10080966","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T08:35:52Z","timestamp":1628670952000},"page":"966","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum Biofilms on the Adhesion of Escherichia coli to Urinary Tract Devices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"F\u00e1bio M.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Teixeira-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5233-1037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe J. M.","family":"Mergulh\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8992-1097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciana C.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corte, L., Pierantoni, D.C., Tascini, C., Roscini, L., and Cardinali, G. (2019). Biofilm specific activity: A measure to quantify microbial biofilm. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7030073"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc.15.6","article-title":"Biofilm formation mechanisms and targets for developing antibiofilm agents","volume":"7","author":"Rabin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2018.e01067","article-title":"Bacterial biofilm formation on implantable devices and approaches to its treatment and prevention","volume":"4","author":"Khatoon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2016.1240656","article-title":"Impact of polymicrobial biofilms in catheter-associated urinary tract infections","volume":"43","author":"Azevedo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-019-02694-2","article-title":"Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG microcapsules inhibit Escherichia coli biofilm formation in coculture","volume":"41","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756287219832172","DOI":"10.1177\/1756287219832172","article-title":"An introduction to the epidemiology and burden of urinary tract infections","volume":"11","author":"Medina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Urol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2021, August 03). OECD\/EU Health at a Glance: Europe 2018 State of Health in the EU Cycle. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/health_glance_eur-2018-en.","DOI":"10.1787\/health_glance_eur-2018-en"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7624857","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7624857","article-title":"Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection and Obstinate Biofilm Producers","volume":"2018","author":"Maharjan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1800384","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201800384","article-title":"Evaluating efficacy of antimicrobial and antifouling materials for urinary tract medical devices: Challenges and recommendations","volume":"19","author":"Ramstedt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.3109\/03091902.2015.1085600","article-title":"Urinary catheters: History, current status, adverse events and research agenda","volume":"39","author":"Feneley","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.11.070","article-title":"A review of the recent advances in antimicrobial coatings for urinary catheters","volume":"50","author":"Singha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2021, August 04). Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTI), Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hai\/ca_uti\/uti.html."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2004.12.013","article-title":"Materials for urinary catheters: A review of their history and development in the UK","volume":"27","author":"Lawrence","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0702.010226","article-title":"Biofilms and device-associated infections","volume":"7","author":"Donlan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.12816\/0004967","article-title":"Biofilm Formation by E. coli Causing Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI) in Assiut University Hospital","volume":"22","author":"Ahmed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1478","article-title":"The isolation and the biofilm formation of uropathogens in the patients with catheter associated urinary tract infections (UTIs)","volume":"6","author":"Niveditha","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1084550","article-title":"Intracellular bacterial biofilm-like pods in urinary tract infections","volume":"301","author":"Anderson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18488","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms140918488","article-title":"Novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of biofilm related infections","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36561","article-title":"Antimicrobial strategies for urinary catheters","volume":"107","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-008-0009-y","article-title":"The influence of Lactobacillus acidophilus-derived surfactants on staphylococcal adhesion and biofilm formation","volume":"53","author":"Walencka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S232982","article-title":"The battle of probiotics and their derivatives against biofilms","volume":"13","author":"Barzegari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvalho, F.M., Teixeira-Santos, R., Mergulh\u00e3o, F.J.M., and Gomes, L.C. (2021). The use of probiotics to fight biofilms in medical devices: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9010027"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.3934\/matersci.2021031","article-title":"Targeting biofilms in medical devices using probiotic cells: A systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Carvalho","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIMS Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"FAO (2006). Probiotics in Food: Health and Nutritional Properties and Guidelines for Evaluation. Food & Agriculture Org. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/a0512e\/a0512e.pdf."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1007\/s12393-012-9051-2","article-title":"Lactic Acid Bacteria Antimicrobial Compounds: Characteristics and Applications","volume":"4","author":"Reis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Eng. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/S1521-6918(03)00075-1","article-title":"Probiotics: What are they? What are their effects on gut physiology?","volume":"17","author":"Fioramonti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.4172\/2329-8901.1000101","article-title":"Probiotics: Mechanisms of action and clinical applications","volume":"1","author":"Gogineni","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Probiotics Health"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.2323\/jgam.59.425","article-title":"Antimicrobial and anti-adhesive properties of biosurfactant produced by lactobacilli isolates, biofilm formation and aggregation ability","volume":"59","author":"Gomaa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2015.04.009","article-title":"Biofilms of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus fermentum: Effect on stress responses, antagonistic effects on pathogen growth and immunomodulatory properties","volume":"53","author":"Aoudia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalighi, A., Behdani, R., and Kouhestani, S. (2016). Probiotics: A comprehensive review of their classification, mode of action and role in human nutrition. Probiotics and Prebiotics in Human Nutrition and Health, InTech.","DOI":"10.5772\/63646"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2017.06.008","article-title":"Probiotic potential of lactobacilli with antagonistic activity against pathogenic strains: An in vitro validation for the production of inhibitory substances","volume":"40","author":"Prabhurajeshwar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2012.01.007","article-title":"Fructooligosaccharides metabolism and effect on bacteriocin production in Lactobacillus strains isolated from ensiled corn and molasses","volume":"18","author":"Mosquera","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481651","DOI":"10.5402\/2013\/481651","article-title":"Health benefits of probiotics: A review","volume":"2013","author":"Kechagia","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.2.365s","article-title":"Taxonomy and important features of probiotic microorganisms in food and nutrition","volume":"73","author":"Holzapfel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2018.09.003","article-title":"How to select a probiotic? A review and update of methods and criteria","volume":"36","author":"Soccol","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20602","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of probiotics: Recent advances","volume":"15","author":"Ng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1159\/000342079","article-title":"Probiotic mechanisms of action","volume":"61","author":"Gil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salas-Jara, M., Ilabaca, A., Vega, M., and Garc\u00eda, A. (2016). Biofilm Forming Lactobacillus: New Challenges for the Development of Probiotics. Microorganisms, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms4030035"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"19","article-title":"Criteria for selection of lactobacilli for probiotic use","volume":"42","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2017.01.011","article-title":"Probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 biofilms on silicone substrates for bacterial interference against pathogen colonization","volume":"50","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0927-7765(02)00147-9","article-title":"Potential application of polyisobutylene-polystyrene and a Lactobacillus protein to reduce the risk of device-associated urinary tract infections","volume":"28","author":"Cadieux","year":"2003","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/0964-8305(95)00011-9","article-title":"Use of lactobacilli to reduce the adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to catheters","volume":"34","author":"Reid","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.02.021","article-title":"Inhibiting bacterial colonization on catheters: Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of bacteriocins from Lactobacillus plantarum SJ33","volume":"19","author":"Jeevaratnam","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR2016.8056","article-title":"Inhibition of biofilms on urinary catheters using immobilized Lactobacillus cells","volume":"10","author":"Ifeoma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Afr. J. Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"367","article-title":"Antagonistic effect of bacteriocin against urinary catheter associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm","volume":"3","author":"Ali","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2016.05.001","article-title":"Functional characterization of biomedical potential of biosurfactant produced by Lactobacillus helveticus","volume":"11","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00007084","article-title":"Inhibition of uropathogenic biofilm growth on silicone rubber in human urine by lactobacilli\u2014A teleologic approach","volume":"18","author":"Velraeds","year":"2000","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-47-12-1081","article-title":"Interference in initial adhesion of uropathogenic bacteria and yeasts to silicone rubber by a Lactobacillus acidophilus biosurfactant","volume":"47","author":"Velraeds","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1557\/mrc.2018.160","article-title":"The effects of fluid composition and shear conditions on bacterial adhesion to an antifouling peptide-coated surface","volume":"8","author":"Alves","year":"2018","journal-title":"MRS Commun."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2014.12.054","article-title":"Micro- and macro-flow systems to study Escherichia coli adhesion to biomedical materials","volume":"126","author":"Moreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomes, M., Gomes, L.C., Teixeira-Santos, R., Pereira, M.F.R., Soares, O.S.G.P., and Mergulh\u00e3o, F.J. (2021). Optimizing CNT Loading in Antimicrobial Composites for Urinary Tract Application. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11094038"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00120","article-title":"Anti-biofilm properties of the fecal probiotic lactobacilli against Vibrio spp.","volume":"8","author":"Kaur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Vilas, A.M. (2007). A simple technique to detect Klebsiella biofilm-forming-strains. Inhibitory potential of Lactobacillus fermentum CRL 1058 whole cells and products. Communicating Current Research and Educational Topics and Trends in Applied Microbiology, FORMATEX. Available online: https:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.597.5733&rep=rep1&type=pdf."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4407","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.10.4407-4413.2001","article-title":"Growth of the Bacteriocin-Producing Lactobacillus sakei Strain CTC 494 in MRS Broth is Strongly Reduced Due to Nutrient Exhaustion: A Nutrient Depletion Model for the Growth of Lactic Acid Bacteria","volume":"67","author":"Leroy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/08927018809378100","article-title":"Deposition of oral streptococci and polystyrene latices onto glass in a parallel plate flow cell","volume":"1","author":"Sjollema","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(96)00105-6","article-title":"Adhesion of Lactobacillus species in urine and phosphate buffer to silicone rubber and glass under flow","volume":"18","author":"Millsap","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-012-0121-x","article-title":"Functional properties of Lactobacillus strains isolated from dairy products","volume":"57","year":"2012","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1263\/jbb.106.381","article-title":"Biofilm Formation by Lactic Acid Bacteria and Resistance to Environmental Stress","volume":"106","author":"Kubota","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-015-0283-8","article-title":"Inhibition of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria by a novel biofilm-forming Lactobacillus isolate: A potential host for the expression of heterologous proteins","volume":"14","author":"Jalilsood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-019-09599-6","article-title":"In vitro Evaluation of Probiotic Potential of Selected Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains","volume":"12","author":"Klimko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2009.12.008","article-title":"A review of current and emergent biofilm control strategies","volume":"43","author":"Vieira","year":"2010","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.04.030","article-title":"Characterisation of biofilms formed by Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 and food spoilage isolates","volume":"207","author":"Smid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00112","article-title":"How microorganisms use hydrophobicity and what does this mean for human needs?","volume":"4","author":"Krasowska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"fnx285","article-title":"Probiotic potency of Lactobacillus plantarum KX519413 and KX519414 isolated from honey bee gut","volume":"365","author":"Keerthi","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4576","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00926-13","article-title":"The highly autoaggregative and adhesive phenotype of the vaginal Lactobacillus plantarum strain cmpg5300 is sortase dependent","volume":"79","author":"Malik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1080\/00016350902984237","article-title":"Coaggregation between probiotic bacteria and caries-associated strains: An in vitro study","volume":"67","author":"Twetman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjm.2015.11.028","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum: Effect of a protective biofilm on the surface of olives during storage","volume":"47","author":"Faten","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3858","DOI":"10.1021\/ac2029997","article-title":"Analytical challenges of microbial biofilms on medical devices","volume":"84","author":"Vertes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000032","article-title":"Healthcare-associated infections, medical devices and biofilms: Risk, tolerance and control","volume":"64","author":"Percival","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_2022_17","article-title":"Presence of extracellular DNA & protein in biofilm formation by gentamicin-resistant Lactobacillus plantarum","volume":"149","author":"George","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.201100456","article-title":"CcpA and three newly identified proteins are involved in biofilm development in Lactobacillus plantarum","volume":"53","author":"Muscariello","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Basic Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340500409877","article-title":"Postoperative voiding, bacteriuria and urinary tract infection with Foley catheterization after gynecological surgery","volume":"85","author":"Tanbo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"e18710","article-title":"The timing of urinary catheter removal after gynecologic surgery: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"99","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine (United States)"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340600606976","article-title":"A prospective, randomized trial comparing immediate versus delayed catheter removal following hysterectomy","volume":"85","author":"Alessandri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340701505317","article-title":"A prospective, randomised, controlled trial comparing 3 hour and 24 hour postoperative removal of bladder catheter and vaginal pack following vaginal prolapse surgery","volume":"86","author":"Glavind","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1351135","article-title":"Urinary catheter management","volume":"26","author":"Hendren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Colon Rectal Surg."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2018.1487394","article-title":"Early versus delayed removal of indwelling catheters in patients after elective cesarean section: A prospective randomized trial","volume":"33","author":"Basbug","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Matern. Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparison of late night and early morning removal of short-term urethral catheters","volume":"1","author":"Fernandez","year":"2003","journal-title":"JBI Libr. Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2014.02.038","article-title":"Timing of urinary catheter removal after uncomplicated total abdominal hysterectomy: A prospective randomized trial","volume":"176","author":"Ahmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0b013e318280aad5","article-title":"Predictors of postoperative urinary retention after colorectal surgery","volume":"56","author":"Kin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dis. Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6060(99)70256-4","article-title":"Optimal duration of urinary drainage after rectal resection: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"125","author":"Benoist","year":"1999","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1995.tb07386.x","article-title":"Early catheter removal: A prospective study of 100 consecutive patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate","volume":"75","author":"Dodds","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2020.01.036","article-title":"Implementation of a standardized voiding management protocol to reduce unnecessary re-catheterization\u2014A quality improvement project","volume":"157","author":"Brackmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1086\/651091","article-title":"Guideline for Prevention of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections 2009","volume":"4","author":"Gould","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2017.10.002","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of probiotic lactobacilli supernatants on single and mixed non-albicans Candida species biofilm","volume":"85","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexandre, Y., Le Berre, R., Barbier, G., and Le Blay, G. (2014). Screening of Lactobacillus spp. for the prevention of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pulmonary infections. BMC Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-14-107"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4175","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.902237","article-title":"Effect of probiotic lactobacilli on the growth of Streptococcus mutans and multispecies biofilms isolated from children with active caries","volume":"23","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2011.03132.x","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of oral Lactobacillus against oral pathogens","volume":"53","author":"Teanpaisan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2012.08.009","article-title":"Induction of bacteriocin production by coculture is widespread among plantaricin-producing Lactobacillus plantarum strains with different regulatory operons","volume":"33","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"1","article-title":"Growth inhibition of oral mutans streptococci and candida by commercial probiotic lactobacilli\u2014An In Vitro study","volume":"10","author":"Hedberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1505-51","article-title":"The inhibitory effect of bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 and Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 8014 on planktonic cells and biofilms of Serratia marcescens","volume":"46","author":"Ghadam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Turk. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"219","article-title":"Influence of growth medium on hydrogen peroxide and bacteriocin production of Lactobacillus strains","volume":"43","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-017-0545-4","article-title":"Effect of bacteriocin and exopolysaccharides isolated from probiotic on P. aeruginosa PAO1 biofilm","volume":"63","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-019-1990-4","article-title":"Impact of probiotics on pathogen survival in an innovative human plasma biofilm model (hpBIOM)","volume":"17","author":"Besser","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13496","article-title":"Probiotic Lactobacillus sp. inhibit growth, biofilm formation and gene expression of caries-inducing Streptococcus mutans","volume":"22","author":"Wasfi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2005.90","article-title":"Identification and characterization of hydrogen peroxide-generating Lactobacillus fermentum CS12-1","volume":"18","author":"Kang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4569","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00737-13","article-title":"How Escherichia coli tolerates profuse hydrogen peroxide formation by a catabolic pathway","volume":"195","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.169.7.2967-2976.1987","article-title":"Mutagenesis and stress responses induced in Escherichia coli by hydrogen peroxide","volume":"169","author":"Imlay","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0255-0857(21)01987-3","article-title":"Effect of exposure to hydrogen peroxide on the virulence of Escherichia coli","volume":"26","author":"Hegde","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-016-7527-3","article-title":"Probiotic lactobacilli inhibit early stages of Candida albicans biofilm development by reducing their growth, cell adhesion, and filamentation","volume":"100","author":"Matsubara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.01.017","article-title":"Antioxidant and antiproliferative potential of biosurfactants isolated from Lactobacillus casei and their anti-biofilm effect in oral Staphylococcus aureus strains","volume":"104","author":"Merghni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1412-z","article-title":"Inhibition of pathogenic bacterial biofilms on PDMS based implants by L. acidophilus derived biosurfactant","volume":"19","author":"Satpute","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sambanthamoorthy, K., Feng, X., Patel, R., Patel, S., and Paranavitana, C. (2014). Antimicrobial and antibiofilm potential of biosurfactants isolated from lactobacilli against multi-drug-resistant pathogens. BMC Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-14-197"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12760","article-title":"Inhibition of Candida albicans adhesion on medical-grade silicone by a Lactobacillus-derived biosurfactant","volume":"118","author":"Ceresa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.201600143","article-title":"Biosurfactant\/s from lactobacilli species: Properties, challenges and potential biomedical applications","volume":"56","author":"Satpute","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Basic Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.12.053","article-title":"Released exopolysaccharide (r-EPS) produced from probiotic bacteria reduce biofilm formation of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7","volume":"379","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.010","article-title":"Use of extracellular polysaccharides, secreted by Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus spp., as reducing indole production agents to control biofilm formation and efflux pumps inhibitor in Escherichia coli","volume":"125","author":"Mahdhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2009.12.011","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of bacterial biofilms","volume":"35","author":"Bjarnsholt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2013.807913","article-title":"Biofilm formation with mixed cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa\/Escherichia coli on silicone using artificial urine to mimic urinary catheters","volume":"29","author":"Cerqueira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"Green, M.R., and Sambrook, J. (1989). Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765X.1997.00378.x","article-title":"A simple artificial urine for the growth of urinary pathogens","volume":"24","author":"Brooks","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2016.1208146","article-title":"Critical review on biofilm methods","volume":"43","author":"Azeredo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2017.03.008","article-title":"Effect of surface conditioning with cellular extracts on Escherichia coli adhesion and initial biofilm formation","volume":"104","author":"Moreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2013.10.002","article-title":"Macroscale versus microscale methods for physiological analysis of biofilms formed in 96-well microtiter plates","volume":"95","author":"Gomes","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-146-10-2395","article-title":"Quantification of biofilm structures by the novel computer program COMSTAT","volume":"146","author":"Heydorn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1006\/jcis.1993.1342","article-title":"On the consistency of surface free energy components as calculated from contact angles of different liquids: An application to the cholesterol surface","volume":"159","author":"Janczuk","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-8686(87)80008-8","article-title":"Monopolar surfaces","volume":"28","author":"Chaudhury","year":"1987","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1021\/la00082a018","article-title":"Additive and nonadditive surface tension components and the interpretation of contact angles","volume":"4","author":"Good","year":"1988","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9797(89)90345-7","article-title":"Estimation of the polar parameters of the surface tension of liquids by contact angle measurements on gels","volume":"128","author":"Ju","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/10\/8\/966\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:44:12Z","timestamp":1760165052000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/10\/8\/966"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics10080966"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics10080966","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]]}}}