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In this paper, the potential for a commercial Desal 5 DK nanofiltration membrane to be used as a tertiary treatment in the wastewater treatment plants for a more effective elimination of these pollutants from the produced effluents was assessed on laboratory scale, using a stainless steel cross-flow cell. The obtained results showed high concentrations of total bacteria and target carbapenem and (fluoro)quinolone resistance genes (blaKPC, blaOXA-48, blaNDM, blaIMP, blaVIM, qnrA, qnrB and qnrS) not only in the discharged, but also in the reused, effluent samples, which suggests that their use may not be entirely safe. Nevertheless, the applied nanofiltration treatment achieved removal rates superior to 98% for the total bacteria and 99.99% for all the target resistance genes present in both DNA and extracellular DNA fractions, with no significant differences for these microbiological parameters between the nanofiltered and the control tap water samples. Although additional studies are still needed to fully optimize the entire process, the use of nanofiltration membranes seems to be a promising solution to substantially increase the quality of the treated wastewater effluents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11050630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T14:49:38Z","timestamp":1651848578000},"page":"630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Nanofiltration as an Efficient Tertiary Wastewater Treatment: Elimination of Total Bacteria and Antibiotic Resistance Genes from the Discharged Effluent of a Full-Scale Wastewater Treatment Plant"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0540-674X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micaela","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"iBET\u2014Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnol\u00f3gica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8516-2487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas Carvalho","family":"Leonardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"iBET\u2014Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnol\u00f3gica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Filipa","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Goul\u00e3o","family":"Crespo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5034-5494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"iBET\u2014Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnol\u00f3gica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Teresa Barreto","family":"Crespo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"iBET\u2014Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnol\u00f3gica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.3390\/w7030975","article-title":"Water Scarcity and Future Challenges for Food Production","volume":"7","author":"Mancosu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1500323","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1500323","article-title":"Four billion people facing severe water scarcity","volume":"2","author":"Mekonnen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. 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