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isolated from a wide range of animals and study the association between biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance and genetic lineages. A total of 214 S. aureus strains isolated from pets, livestock, and wild animals were evaluated regarding their ability to form biofilms by the microtiter biofilm assay and their structure via confocal scanning laser microscopy. Statistical analysis was used to find an association between biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance, multidrug resistance, sequence types (STs), spa and agr-types of the isolates. The antimicrobial susceptibility of 24 h-old biofilms was assessed against minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and 10\u00d7 MIC of amikacin and tetracycline, and the biomass reduction was measured. The metabolic activity of biofilms after antimicrobial treatment was evaluated by the XTT assay. All isolates were had the ability to form biofilms. Yet, significant differences in biofilm biomass production were detected among animal species. Multidrug resistance had a positive association with biofilm formation as well as methicillin-resistance. Significant differences were also detected among the clonal lineages of the isolates. Both tetracycline and amikacin were able to significantly reduce the biofilm mass. However, none of the antimicrobials were able to eradicate the biofilm at the maximum concentration used. Our results provide important information on the biofilm-forming capacity of animal-adapted S. aureus isolates, which may have potential implications for the development of new biofilm-targeted therapeutics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11060772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]],"date-time":"2022-06-04T09:42:32Z","timestamp":1654335752000},"page":"772","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Biofilm Formation of Staphylococcus aureus from Pets, Livestock, and Wild Animals: Relationship with Clonal Lineages and Antimicrobial Resistance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9406-8433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1121-2792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisete","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Computational and Stochastic Mathematics (CEMAT), Department of Mathematics, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Eduardo","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CECAV\u2014Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Camino","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Le\u00f3n, E-24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Le\u00f3n, E-24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9584-0755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Capita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Le\u00f3n, E-24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Le\u00f3n, E-24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8688-0912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Alonso-Calleja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Le\u00f3n, E-24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Le\u00f3n, E-24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6365-0735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilberto","family":"Igrejas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0925-689X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Poeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CECAV\u2014Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4413","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-08230-z","article-title":"Shared antibiotic resistance and virulence genes in Staphylococcus aureus from diverse animal hosts","volume":"12","author":"Bruce","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. 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