{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T08:25:46Z","timestamp":1762071946010,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020","UIDP\/04423\/2020","PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/28736\/2017","EXPL\/CTA-AMB\/0810\/2021","PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/0853\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020","UIDP\/04423\/2020","PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/28736\/2017","EXPL\/CTA-AMB\/0810\/2021","PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/0853\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"COMPETE 2020","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020","UIDP\/04423\/2020","PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/28736\/2017","EXPL\/CTA-AMB\/0810\/2021","PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/0853\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020","UIDP\/04423\/2020","PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/28736\/2017","EXPL\/CTA-AMB\/0810\/2021","PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/0853\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Portugal 2020","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020","UIDP\/04423\/2020","PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/28736\/2017","EXPL\/CTA-AMB\/0810\/2021","PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/0853\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020","UIDP\/04423\/2020","PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/28736\/2017","EXPL\/CTA-AMB\/0810\/2021","PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/0853\/2021"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020","UIDP\/04423\/2020","PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/28736\/2017","EXPL\/CTA-AMB\/0810\/2021","PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/0853\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020","UIDP\/04423\/2020","PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/28736\/2017","EXPL\/CTA-AMB\/0810\/2021","PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/0853\/2021"]}]},{"name":"North Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE2020)","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020","UIDP\/04423\/2020","PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/28736\/2017","EXPL\/CTA-AMB\/0810\/2021","PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/0853\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020","UIDP\/04423\/2020","PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/28736\/2017","EXPL\/CTA-AMB\/0810\/2021","PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/0853\/2021"]}]},{"name":"CNPq-Brazil","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020","UIDP\/04423\/2020","PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/28736\/2017","EXPL\/CTA-AMB\/0810\/2021","PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/0853\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020","UIDP\/04423\/2020","PTDC\/SAU-PUB\/28736\/2017","EXPL\/CTA-AMB\/0810\/2021","PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/0853\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fungal infections are one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide and taking into account the increasing incidence of strains resistant to classical antifungal drugs, the development of new agents has become an urgent clinical need. Considering that thioxanthones are bioisosteres of xanthones with known anti-infective actions, their scaffolds were selected for this study. A small library of synthesized aminothioxanthones (1\u201310) was evaluated for in vitro antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Trichophyton rubrum; for the active compounds, the spectrum was further extended to other clinically relevant pathogenic fungi. The results showed that only compounds 1, 8, and 9 exhibited inhibitory and broad-spectrum antifungal effects. Given the greater antifungal potential presented, compound 1 was the subject of further investigations to study its anti-virulence activity and in an attempt to elucidate its mechanism of action; compound 1 seems to act predominantly on the cellular membrane of C. albicans ATCC 10231, altering its structural integrity, without binding to ergosterol, while inhibiting two important virulence factors\u2014dimorphic transition and biofilm formation\u2014frequently associated with C. albicans pathogenicity and resistance. In conclusion, the present work proved the usefulness of thioxanthones in antifungal therapy as new models for antifungal agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11111488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T20:37:58Z","timestamp":1666903078000},"page":"1488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Antifungal Activity of a Library of Aminothioxanthones"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7801-3675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory de Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Freitas-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4201-2774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Dur\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory de Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Diogo Teixeira","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory de Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Research in Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Food and Drugs, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37137-001, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8352-6539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Gales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology (i3S-IBMC), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4676-1409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madalena","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory de Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5397-4672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Em\u00edlia","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory de Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2948-5809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eug\u00e9nia","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2019.04.010","article-title":"Emerging and reemerging fungal infections","volume":"36","author":"Lockhart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. 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