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antibiotic resistance is rising to dangerously high levels, resistance mechanisms are spreading globally among diverse bacterial species. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, mainly due to the production of antibiotic-inactivating enzymes, is currently responsible for most treatment failures, threatening the effectiveness of classes of antibiotics used for decades. This study assessed the presence of genetic determinants of \u03b2-lactam resistance in 102 multi-drug resistant (MDR) K. pneumoniae isolates from patients admitted to two central hospitals in northern Portugal from 2010 to 2020. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed a high rate (&gt;90%) of resistance to most \u03b2-lactam antibiotics, except for carbapenems and cephamycins, which showed antimicrobial susceptibility rates in the range of 23.5\u201334.3% and 40.2\u201368.6%, respectively. A diverse pool of \u03b2-lactam resistance genetic determinants, including carbapenemases- (i.e., blaKPC-like and blaOXA-48-like), extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (ESBL; i.e., blaTEM-like, blaCTX-M-like and blaSHV-like), and AmpC \u03b2-lactamases-coding genes (i.e., blaCMY-2-like and blaDHA-like) were found in most K. pneumoniae isolates. blaKPC-like (72.5%) and ESBL genes (37.3\u201374.5%) were the most detected, with approximately 80% of K. pneumoniae isolates presenting two or more resistance genes. As the optimal treatment of \u03b2-lactamase-producing K. pneumoniae infections remains problematic, the high co-occurrence of multiple \u03b2-lactam resistance genes must be seen as a serious warning of the problem of antimicrobial resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11111613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T02:32:01Z","timestamp":1668393121000},"page":"1613","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Exploring the Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates in Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9175-4278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INIAV\u2014National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal"},{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"AliCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3221-1681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INIAV\u2014National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0000-7387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INIAV\u2014National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Biological Engineering (CEB), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9564-5714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Biological Engineering (CEB), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7492-4965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jos\u00e9","family":"Saavedra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory Medical Microbiology, Antimicrobials, Biocides and Biofilms Unit, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CITAB\u2014Center for the Research and Technology Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Inov4Agro\u2014Associate Laboratory for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability in Agri-Food Production, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5864-3250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno Filipe","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"AliCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0175-1119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carina","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INIAV\u2014National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal"},{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"AliCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Biological Engineering (CEB), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"824","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Profiles of Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains Isolated from Different Clinical Sources","volume":"11","author":"Gabasa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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