{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:03:02Z","timestamp":1772582582814,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Funds through FCT\u2013Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/05183\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05183\/2020"]}]},{"name":"National Funds through FCT\u2013Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"]}]},{"name":"National Funds through FCT\u2013Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["ALT20-03-247-FEDER-033578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALT20-03-247-FEDER-033578"]}]},{"name":"National Funds through FCT\u2013Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["COMPETE 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPETE 2020"]}]},{"name":"NAQUIBIO DPSA","award":["UIDB\/05183\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05183\/2020"]}]},{"name":"NAQUIBIO DPSA","award":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"]}]},{"name":"NAQUIBIO DPSA","award":["ALT20-03-247-FEDER-033578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALT20-03-247-FEDER-033578"]}]},{"name":"NAQUIBIO DPSA","award":["COMPETE 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPETE 2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER Funds","award":["UIDB\/05183\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05183\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER Funds","award":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER Funds","award":["ALT20-03-247-FEDER-033578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALT20-03-247-FEDER-033578"]}]},{"name":"FEDER Funds","award":["COMPETE 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPETE 2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance is a serious problem for the control of infections and infectious diseases. Propolis is a substance produced by honeybees with antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties. To consider propolis as an alternative to the use of antimicrobials for infection control, we assessed its antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities. To assess propolis for topical medical use, toxicological studies were also performed. A Portuguese 70% propolis ethanolic extract was chemically evaluated and studied for antimicrobial activity on staphylococcal field isolates (n = 137) and antibiofilm action (n = 45). Cell toxicological assessment was performed using keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Pinobanksin, chrysin, acacetin, apigenin, pinocembrin, and kaempferol-dimethyl-ether were detected. All 137 isolates were susceptible to 6.68 mg\/mL or lower propolis concentration (80% isolates were susceptible to &lt;1 mg\/mL). The mean percentage of biofilm inhibition was 71%, and biofilm disruption was 88.5%. Propolis (&lt;1 mg\/mL) was well-tolerated by fibroblasts and moderately tolerated by keratinocytes. The combined antimicrobial and antibiofilm effect of propolis, together with its low toxicity to connective tissue and epithelial cells, suggests a good applicability for topical antibacterial treatment. Therefore, propolis seems to be a good alternative to antimicrobials for the treatment of infections with Staphylococcus spp. that deserves to be evaluated in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12020347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T03:01:45Z","timestamp":1675825305000},"page":"347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm and Toxicological Assessment of Propolis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3117-341X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Queiroga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2013Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE\u2013Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de \u00c9vora, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade de \u00c9vora, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3900-5592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Laranjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED\u2013Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE\u2013Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de \u00c9vora, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nara","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Paulista, Campus Petrolina-PE, Av. Bar\u00e3o do Rio Branco, 700-862 - Centro, Petrolina - PE, CEP: 56304-260, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6067-4651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias da Terra, ICT, Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3854-9130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Rodrigues","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias da Terra, ICT, Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas e da Sa\u00fade, Escola de Sa\u00fade e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8906-1085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9lia Maria","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias da Terra, ICT, Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas e da Sa\u00fade, Escola de Sa\u00fade e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Acad\u00e9mico Cl\u00ednico do Alentejo, C-TRAIL, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01537-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01537-18","article-title":"Evidence of Sharing of Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains between Healthy Companion Animals and Cohabiting Humans","volume":"57","author":"Marques","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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