{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T18:12:32Z","timestamp":1760551952096,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,22]],"date-time":"2023-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pfizer\u00ae the Global Medical Grants","award":["60395063","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/00511\/2020","UIDP\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["60395063","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/00511\/2020","UIDP\/00511\/2020"]}]},{"name":"ALiCE","award":["60395063","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/00511\/2020","UIDP\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["60395063","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/00511\/2020","UIDP\/00511\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LEPABE","award":["60395063","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/00511\/2020","UIDP\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["60395063","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/00511\/2020","UIDP\/00511\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds","award":["60395063","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/00511\/2020","UIDP\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["60395063","LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/00511\/2020","UIDP\/00511\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Candida albicans and non-Candida albicans\u00a0Candida species (NCACs) are known to colonize and invade various tissues, including the oral mucosa. In this work, we aimed to characterize mature biofilms of several Candida spp. clinical isolates (n = 33) obtained from the oral mucosa of children, adults, and elders of Eastern Europe and South America. Methods: Each strain was evaluated for its capacity to form biofilms in terms of total biomass using the crystal violet assay and for matrix components production (proteins and carbohydrates) using the BCA and phenol-sulfuric tests, respectively. The effect of different antifungals on biofilm formation was studied. Results: in the children\u2019s group, a predominance of C. krusei (81%) was observed, while, among adults, the main species was C. albicans (59%). Most strains showed a reduced response to antimicrobial drugs when in biofilm form (p &lt; 0.01). Moreover, it was observed that strains isolated from children produced more matrix, with higher levels of protein and polysaccharides. Conclusions: children were more likely to be infected by NCACs than adults. More importantly, these NCACs were able to form biofilms richer in matrix components. This finding is of clinical importance, particularly in pediatric care, since stronger biofilms are highly associated with antimicrobial resistance, recurrent infections, and higher therapeutic failure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12050797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T04:01:23Z","timestamp":1682308883000},"page":"797","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Characterization of Oral Candida spp. Biofilms in Children and Adults Carriers from Eastern Europe and South America"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4020-9672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anelise Maria Costa Vasconcelos","family":"Alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, University of International Integration of Af-ro-Brazilian Lusophony, Av. da Aboli\u00e7\u00e3o, 3-Centro, Reden\u00e7\u00e3o 62790-000, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"},{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Beatriz Oliveira","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, University of International Integration of Af-ro-Brazilian Lusophony, Av. da Aboli\u00e7\u00e3o, 3-Centro, Reden\u00e7\u00e3o 62790-000, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Ana Caroline Rocha de Melo","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, University of International Integration of Af-ro-Brazilian Lusophony, Av. da Aboli\u00e7\u00e3o, 3-Centro, Reden\u00e7\u00e3o 62790-000, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Gabriela Silva","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, University of International Integration of Af-ro-Brazilian Lusophony, Av. da Aboli\u00e7\u00e3o, 3-Centro, Reden\u00e7\u00e3o 62790-000, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}]},{"given":"\u00c9rika Helena Salles de","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, University of International Integration of Af-ro-Brazilian Lusophony, Av. da Aboli\u00e7\u00e3o, 3-Centro, Reden\u00e7\u00e3o 62790-000, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6391-7113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laritza Ferreira de","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Oocytes and Preantral Follicles Manipulation\u2014LAMOFOPA, Post-Graduate Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Cear\u00e1\u2014UECE, Av. Doutor Silas Munguba, 1700, Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza 60714-903, Cear\u00e1, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5300-3254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"\u010cern\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenidus University in Bratislava, Ilkovi\u010dova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5864-3250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno Filipe","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8633-2230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9lia Fortuna","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"TOXRUN\u2014Toxicology Research Unit, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Polit\u00e9cnico e Universit\u00e1rio\u2014CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1007\/s42399-021-00873-9","article-title":"Fungal Infections of Oral Cavity: Diagnosis, Management, and Association with COVID-19","volume":"3","author":"Muddana","year":"2021","journal-title":"SN Compr. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2020.101009","article-title":"Antifungal Susceptibility of Oral Isolates of Candida Species from Chronic Kidney Disease Patients on Chronic Dialysis","volume":"30","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mycol. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"379","article-title":"Oral Candidosis: Characterization of a Sample of Recurrent Infections and Study of Resistance Determinants","volume":"34","author":"Sanguinetti","year":"2011","journal-title":"New Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Taylor, M., and Raja, A. (2019). Oral Candidiasis (Thrush), StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(92)90213-A","article-title":"Oral Candidosis","volume":"74","author":"Fotos","year":"1992","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.2174\/1389203720666190722152415","article-title":"Virulence Factors in Candida Species","volume":"21","author":"Staniszewska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Protein Pept. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.49.100195.003431","article-title":"Microbial Biofilms","volume":"49","author":"Costerton","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2018.1472244","article-title":"Susceptibility of Candida glabrata Biofilms to Echinocandins: Alterations in the Matrix Composition","volume":"34","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2020.03.016","article-title":"Biofilm Matrixome: Extracellular Components in Structured Microbial Communities","volume":"28","author":"Karygianni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, C.F., Rodrigues, M., Silva, S., and Henriques, M. (2017). Candida glabrata Biofilms: How Far Have We Come?. J. Fungi, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof3010011"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pokhrel, S., Boonmee, N., Tulyaprawat, O., Pharkjaksu, S., Thaipisutikul, I., Chairatana, P., Ngamskulrungroj, P., and Mitrpant, C. (2022). Assessment of Biofilm Formation by Candida albicans Strains Isolated from Hemocultures and Their Role in Pathogenesis in the Zebrafish Model. J. Fungi, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8101014"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-017-0135-7","article-title":"The Effectiveness of Voriconazole in Therapy of Candida glabrata\u2019s Biofilms Oral Infections and Its Influence on the Matrix Composition and Gene Expression","volume":"182","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, C.F., and Henriques, M. (2018). Portrait of Matrix Gene Expression in Candida glabrata Biofilms with Stress Induced by Different Drugs. Genes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes9040205"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, C.F., Correia, A., Vilanova, M., and Henriques, M. (2019). Inflammatory Cell Recruitment in Candida glabrata Biofilm Cell-Infected Mice Receiving Antifungal Chemotherapy. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8020142"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, C.F., Alves, D.F., and Henriques, M. (2018). Combination of Posaconazole and Amphotericin b in the Treatment of Candida glabrata Biofilms. Microorganisms, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms6040123"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u010cern\u00e1kov\u00e1, L., L\u00ed\u0161kov\u00e1, A., Lengyelov\u00e1, L., and Rodrigues, C.F. (2022). Prevalence and Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Oral Candida spp. Isolates from a Hospital in Slovakia. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58050576"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjm.2016.01.005","article-title":"Susceptibility and Molecular Characterization of Candida Species from Patients with Vulvovaginitis","volume":"47","author":"Fornari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901442","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.901442","article-title":"In Vitro and in Vivo Characterization of Host\u2013Pathogen Interactions of the L3881 Candida albicans Clinical Isolate","volume":"13","author":"Sucupira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-091014-104330","article-title":"Candida albicans Biofilms and Human Disease","volume":"69","author":"Nobile","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.030692-0","article-title":"Transcriptional Regulation of Drug-Resistance Genes in Candida albicans Biofilms in Response to Antifungals","volume":"60","author":"Watamoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steinbach, W.J. (2016). Pediatric Invasive Candidiasis: Epidemiology and Diagnosis in Children. J. Fungi, 2.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof2010005"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(93)90404-R","article-title":"Oral Complications in Children with Cancer","volume":"75","author":"Childers","year":"1993","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"E419","article-title":"Oral Candidiasis in Children and Adolescents with Cancer: Identification of Candida spp.","volume":"12","author":"Zambrano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cir. Bucal (Int.)"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"2873","article-title":"Pediatric Oropharyngeal Candidiasis: A Comprehensive Study on Risk Factors and Most Prevalent Species of Candida","volume":"32","author":"Shirazi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pak. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000431","article-title":"Candida Speciation, Antifungal Treatment and Adverse Events in Pediatric Invasive Candidiasis: Results from 441 Infections in a Prospective, Multi-National Study","volume":"33","author":"Palazzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10071-24203","article-title":"Risk Factors for Candida Infection among Children Admitted to a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit in a Tertiary Care Centre in Southern India","volume":"26","author":"Rajeshwari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3182737427","article-title":"Results From a Prospective, International, Epidemiologic Study of Invasive Candidiasis in Children and Neonates","volume":"31","author":"Steinbach","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606976","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.606976","article-title":"Trends in the Epidemiology of Candidemia in Intensive Care Units From 2006 to 2017: Results From the Korean National Healthcare-Associated Infections Surveillance System","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Med. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000747","article-title":"Role of Biofilm Morphology, Matrix Content and Surface Hydrophobicity in the Biofilm-Forming Capacity of Various Candida Species","volume":"67","author":"Kumari","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000757","article-title":"Relevance of Antifungal Penetration in Biofilm-Associated Resistance of Candida albicans and Non-albicansCandida Species","volume":"67","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4377","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00316-09","article-title":"Biofilm Formation and Effect of Caspofungin on Biofilm Structure of Candida Species Bloodstream Isolates","volume":"53","author":"Ferreira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"593","article-title":"Miconazole Activity Against Candida Biofilms Developed On Acrylic Discs","volume":"4","author":"Gebremedhin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4092","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1421437112","article-title":"Community Participation in Biofilm Matrix Assembly and Function","volume":"112","author":"Mitchell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nett, J.E., and Andes, D.R. (2020). Contributions of the Biofilm Matrix to Candida Pathogenesis. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6010021"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thiyahuddin, N.M., Lamping, E., Rich, A.M., and Cannon, R.D. (2019). Yeast Species in the Oral Cavities of Older People: A Comparison between People Living in Their Own Homes and Those in Rest Homes. J. Fungi, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof5020030"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Rodrigues, C.F. (2018). Candida Glabrata Biofilms: Mechanisms of Antifungal Resistance and Matrix Role. [Doctoral Thesis, Universidade do Minho]."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2013.08.008","article-title":"Antifungal Therapy with an Emphasis on Biofilms","volume":"13","author":"Pierce","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, J., Rosiana, S., Razzaq, I., and Shapiro, R.S. (2019). Linking Cellular Morphogenesis with Antifungal Treatment and Susceptibility in Candida Pathogens. J. Fungi, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof5010017"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.4.763","article-title":"Effects of Azole Antifungal Drugs on the Transition from Yeast Cells to Hyphae in Susceptible and Resistant Isolates of the Pathogenic Yeast Candida albicans","volume":"43","author":"Ha","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01056-06","article-title":"Putative Role of \u03b2-1,3 Glucans in Candida albicans Biofilm Resistance","volume":"51","author":"Nett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.18869\/acadpub.cmm.2.4.24","article-title":"Overexpression of MDR-1 and CDR-2 genes in fluconazole resistance of Candida albicans isolated from patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis","volume":"2","author":"Rad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitchell, K.F., Zarnowski, R., and Andes, D.R. (2016). Fungal Super Glue: The Biofilm Matrix and Its Composition, Assembly, and Functions. PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005828"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46569-0","article-title":"Biofilm Matrix of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis: Chemical Composition and Role in Drug Resistance","volume":"55","author":"Douglas","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/mmy.39.1.55.66","article-title":"Fungal \u00df(1,3)-D-Glucan Synthesis","volume":"39","author":"Douglas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, C.F., Boas, D.V., Haynes, K., and Henriques, M. (2018). The MNN2 Gene Knockout Modulates the Antifungal Resistance of Biofilms of Candida glabrata. Biomolecules, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom8040130"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4333","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.8.4333-4340.2003","article-title":"Mechanism of Fluconazole Resistance in Candida albicans Biofilms: Phase-Specific Role of Efflux Pumps and Membrane Sterols","volume":"71","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2014.886108","article-title":"Effects of Fluconazole on Candida Glabrata Biofilms and Its Relationship with ABC Transporter Gene Expression","volume":"30","author":"Fonseca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (2023, February 23). Breakpoint Tables for Interpretation of MICs for Antifungal Agents Version 10.0, Valid from 2020-02-04. Available online: https:\/\/www.eucast.org\/fileadmin\/src\/media\/PDFs\/EUCAST_files\/AFST\/Clinical_breakpoints\/AFST_BP_v10.0_200204_updatd_links_200924.pdf."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ933","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"62","author":"Pappas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.9.2475-2479.2001","article-title":"Standardized method for in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida albicans biofilms","volume":"45","author":"Ramage","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc.13.189","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species-Inducing Antifungal Agents and Their Activity against Fungal Biofilms","volume":"6","author":"Delattin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Future Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2016.1228715","article-title":"Oral Administration of Amphotericin B Nanoparticles: Antifungal Activity, Bioavailability and Toxicity in Rats","volume":"24","author":"Radwan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2013.83","article-title":"In Vitro Effectiveness of Anidulafungin against Candida spp.","volume":"66","author":"Rosato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biofilms. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo)"}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/12\/5\/797\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:21:10Z","timestamp":1760124070000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/12\/5\/797"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,22]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics12050797"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics12050797","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-6382"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,22]]}}}