{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T10:01:18Z","timestamp":1771236078933,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology\/MCTES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology\/MCTES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00709\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aliarcobacter butzleri is a Gram-negative bacterium associated with infections of the gastrointestinal tract and widely distributed in various environments. For successful infection, A. butzleri should be able to tolerate various stresses during gastrointestinal passage, such as bile. Bile represents an antimicrobial host barrier that acts against external noxious agents and consists of a variety of bile salts. The intestinal bile salts act as detergents involved in the antimicrobial host defense; although, on the bacterial side, they could also serve as a signal to activate virulence mechanisms. The aim of this work was to understand the effects of bile salts on the survival and virulence of A. butzleri. In our study, A. butzleri was able to survive in the presence of human physiological concentrations of bile salts. Regarding the virulence features, an increase in cellular hydrophobicity, a decrease in motility and expression of flaA gene, as well as an increase in biofilm formation with a concomitant change in the type of biofilm structure were observed in the presence of sub-inhibitory concentration of bile salts. Concerning adhesion and invasion ability, no significant difference was observed. Overall, the results demonstrated that A. butzleri is able to survive in physiological concentrations of bile salts and that exposure to bile salts could change its virulence mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12091387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T10:30:52Z","timestamp":1693391452000},"page":"1387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Evaluation of Bile Salts on the Survival and Modulation of Virulence of Aliarcobacter butzleri"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Cristiana","family":"Mateus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5658-5445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udio J.","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9540-0853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda","family":"Domingues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1345-4146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roland","family":"B\u00fccker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Physiology\/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6360-2576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Oleastro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8308-2862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02077","article-title":"Revisiting the taxonomy of the Genus Arcobacter: Getting order from the chaos","volume":"9","author":"Balboa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2960","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.004156","article-title":"List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published","volume":"70","author":"Oren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. 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