{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:49:13Z","timestamp":1760143753958,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"national funds of FCT\/MCTES\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology I.P. from the Ministry of Science, Technology, and Higher Education (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020","UIDP\/04423\/2020","PI86-CI-IPOP-66-2019","UIDP\/00100\/2020","UIDB\/00100\/2020","LA\/P\/0056\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020","UIDP\/04423\/2020","PI86-CI-IPOP-66-2019","UIDP\/00100\/2020","UIDB\/00100\/2020","LA\/P\/0056\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) by the COMPETE\u2014Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade (POFC)","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020","UIDP\/04423\/2020","PI86-CI-IPOP-66-2019","UIDP\/00100\/2020","UIDB\/00100\/2020","LA\/P\/0056\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020","UIDP\/04423\/2020","PI86-CI-IPOP-66-2019","UIDP\/00100\/2020","UIDB\/00100\/2020","LA\/P\/0056\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Group of Marine Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry CIIMAR","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020","UIDP\/04423\/2020","PI86-CI-IPOP-66-2019","UIDP\/00100\/2020","UIDB\/00100\/2020","LA\/P\/0056\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020","UIDP\/04423\/2020","PI86-CI-IPOP-66-2019","UIDP\/00100\/2020","UIDB\/00100\/2020","LA\/P\/0056\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020","UIDP\/04423\/2020","PI86-CI-IPOP-66-2019","UIDP\/00100\/2020","UIDB\/00100\/2020","LA\/P\/0056\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020","UIDP\/04423\/2020","PI86-CI-IPOP-66-2019","UIDP\/00100\/2020","UIDB\/00100\/2020","LA\/P\/0056\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT projects","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020","UIDP\/04423\/2020","PI86-CI-IPOP-66-2019","UIDP\/00100\/2020","UIDB\/00100\/2020","LA\/P\/0056\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020","UIDP\/04423\/2020","PI86-CI-IPOP-66-2019","UIDP\/00100\/2020","UIDB\/00100\/2020","LA\/P\/0056\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The importance of fungal infections, particularly those caused by yeasts, is increasing among the medical community. Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans are amongst the high-priority fungal species identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) and are considered in the critical group, while Candida krusei is included in the medium-priority group. The cyclam salt H4[H2(4-CF3PhCH2)2Cyclam]Cl4 proved to be active against the growth of these three yeasts, and the aim of this work was to verify its interference with their virulence mechanisms, whether shared or unique. H4[H2(4-CF3PhCH2)2Cyclam]Cl4 significantly inhibited biofilm production and catalase activity, being able to interfere with C. albicans dimorphic transition and C. neoformans melanin production. At the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values, H4[H2(4-CF3PhCH2)2Cyclam]Cl4 had no antioxidant effect, as determined by the DPPH method. When using the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line, H4[H2(4-CF3PhCH2)2Cyclam]Cl4 reduced nitric oxide (NO) detection (the Griess reaction), but this effect was associated with a significant toxic effect on the cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13030222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T03:37:57Z","timestamp":1709091477000},"page":"222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Cyclam Salt as an Antifungal Agent: Interference with Candida spp. and Cryptococcus neoformans Mechanisms of Virulence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4513-4654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Cerqueira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, GIT-LoSa, University Fernando Pessoa, Pra\u00e7a 9 de Abril, 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Rua Carlos da Maia, 296, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)\/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)\/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC) Raquel Seruca, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3010-8373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Medeiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, GIT-LoSa, University Fernando Pessoa, Pra\u00e7a 9 de Abril, 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Rua Carlos da Maia, 296, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)\/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)\/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC) Raquel Seruca, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)\/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)\/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC) Raquel Seruca, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)\/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)\/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC) Raquel Seruca, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0274-106X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Pia","family":"Ferraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of Porto (UP), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S\u2014Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto (UP), 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering (INEB), University of Porto (UP), 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6272-8377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"REQUIMTE\/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7938-9850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds G.","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural\u2014Institute of Molecular Sciences, Associa\u00e7\u00e3o do Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento, Av. Ant\u00f3nio Jos\u00e9 de Almeida n\u00ba12, 1000-043 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2948-5809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eug\u00e9nia","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto (UP), Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1134","article-title":"The bicyclam AMD3100 story","volume":"2","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2016.10.054","article-title":"New amphiphilic neamine conjugates bearing a metal binding motif active against MDR E. aerogenes Gram-negative bacteria","volume":"127","author":"Allam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5917","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.6b00432","article-title":"Nontoxic Metal-Cyclam Complexes, a New Class of Compounds with Potency against Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"59","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3595","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.7b01569","article-title":"Antitubercular Bis-Substituted Cyclam Derivatives: Structure-Activity Relationships and In Vivo Studies","volume":"61","author":"Spain","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1038\/s41429-019-0221-9","article-title":"Development of a nebramine-cyclam conjugate as an antibacterial adjuvant to potentiate \u03b2-lactam antibiotics against multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa","volume":"72","author":"Ammeter","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves, L.G., Portel, J.F., Sousa, S.A., Ferreira, O., Almada, S., Silva, E.R., Martins, A.M., and Leit\u00e3o, J.H. (2019). Investigations into the Structure\/Antibacterial Activity Relationships of Cyclam and Cyclen Derivatives. Antibiotics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics8040224"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5787","DOI":"10.1039\/D3CE00354J","article-title":"Novel cyclam multicomponent crystal forms: Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity","volume":"25","author":"Saied","year":"2023","journal-title":"CrytEngComm"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2016.02.013","article-title":"A novel benzofurazan-cyclam conjugate and its Cu(II) complex: Synthesis, characterization and in vitro cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity","volume":"129","author":"Grabchev","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dyes Pigments"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16764","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NJ03161B","article-title":"Cyclam-based iron(iii) and copper(ii) complexes: Synthesis, characterization and application as antifungal agents","volume":"46","author":"Almada","year":"2022","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2014.05.003","article-title":"Synthesis and antimalarial activity of metal complexes of cross-bridged tetraazamacrocyclic ligands","volume":"22","author":"Hubin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.poly.2019.02.027","article-title":"Tetrazamacrocyclic derivatives and their metal complexes as antileishmanial leads","volume":"163","author":"Hubin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polyhedron"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5331","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00778-16","article-title":"Discovery of Antishistosomal Drug Leads Based on Tetraazamacrocyclic Derivatives and Their Metal Complexes","volume":"60","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barros, J., Monteiro, F.J., and Ferraz, M.P. (2022). Bioengineering Approaches to Fight against Orthopedic Biomaterials Related-Infections. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911658"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.54.1.49","article-title":"Biofilm formation as microbial development","volume":"54","author":"Kaplan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(02)00002-1","article-title":"Candida biofilms and their role in infection","volume":"11","author":"Douglas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aguiar, F.L.L.D., Santos, N.C., de Paula Cavalcante, C.S., Andreu, D., Baptista, G.R., and Gon\u00e7alves, S. (2020). Antibiofilm Activity on Candida albicans and Mechanism of Action on Biomembrane Models of the Antimicrobial Peptide Ctn[15\u201334]. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218339"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W.-J., Liu, C.-C., Li, Y.-T., Li, M.-Q., Fu, Y.-T., Li, X.-C., Qian, J.-L., and Qian, W.-D. (2022). Antifungal and Antibiofilm In Vitro Activities of Ursolic Acid on Cryptococcus neoformans. Curr. Microbiol., 79.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-022-02992-5"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2104384","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202104384","article-title":"Photoinactivation of Catalase Sensitizes Candida albicans and Candida auris to ROS-Producing Agents and Immune Cells","volume":"9","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1023\/B:MYCO.0000041902.96793.b7","article-title":"Electrophoretic variants of intracellular catalase of different Candida species","volume":"158","author":"Miyasak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2007.05.014","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans, a fungus under stress","volume":"10","author":"Brown","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cur. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"11","article-title":"Epidemiology and Antifungal Susceptibility of Candida Species causing Blood Stream Infections: An Eastern India Perspective","volume":"69","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Physicians India"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henriques, M., and Silva, S. (2021). Candida Albicans Virulence Factors and Its Pathogenicity. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9040704"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2022.2084388","article-title":"Diphenyl diselenide suppresses key virulence factors of Candida krusei, a neglected fungal pathogen","volume":"38","author":"Pinto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2019.1614383","article-title":"Basic principles of the virulence of Cryptococcus","volume":"10","author":"Zaragoza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-019-00400-4","article-title":"Inhibitory Effect of 5-Aminoimidazole-4-Carbohydrazonamides Derivatives Against Candida spp. Biofilm on Nanohydroxyapatite Substrate","volume":"184","author":"Gabriel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saracino, I.M., Foschi, C., Pavoni, M., Spigarelli, R., Valerii, M.C., and Spisni, E. (2022). Antifungal Activity of Natural Compounds vs. Candida spp.: A Mixture of Cinnamaldehyde and Eugenol Shows Promising In Vitro Results. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11010073"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cerqueira, F., Maia, M., Gabriel, C., Medeiros, R., Cravo, S., Ribeiro, A.I., Dantas, D., Dias, A.M., Saraiva, L., and Raimundo, L. (2021). Mechanism of Antifungal Activity by 5-Aminoimidazole-4-Carbohydrazonamide Derivatives against Candida albicans and Candida krusei. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10020183"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18026","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.26","article-title":"Invasive candidiasis. Nature reviews","volume":"4","author":"Pappas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Disease primers"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-0285.2008.00694.x","article-title":"Comparison of the anti-inflammatory activities of imidazole antimycotics in relation to molecular structure","volume":"72","author":"Steel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Drug Des."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5405","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00624-15","article-title":"Innate inflammatory response and immunopharmacologic activity of micafungin, caspofungin, and voriconazole against wild-type and FKS mutant Candida glabrata isolates","volume":"59","author":"Beyda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-020-00382-7","article-title":"Sixty years of Amphotericin B: An Overview of the Main Antifungal Agent Used to Treat Invasive Fungal Infections","volume":"10","author":"Cavassin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01820-16","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01820-16","article-title":"Candida albicans Chitin Increases Arginase-1 Activity in Human Macrophages, with an Impact on Macrophage Antimicrobial Functions","volume":"8","author":"Wagener","year":"2017","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2100386","article-title":"Murine Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression Is Essential for Antifungal Defenses in Kidneys during Disseminated Cryptococcus deneoformans Infection","volume":"207","author":"Goughenour","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunol"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makanjuola, O., Bongomin, F., and Fayemiwo, S.A. (2018). An Update on the Roles of Non-albicans Candida Species in Vulvovaginitis. J. Fungi, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof4040121"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanches, M.D., Mimura, L.A.N., Oliveira, L.R.C., Ishikawa, L.L.W., Garces, H.G., Bagagli, E., Sartori, A., Kurokawa, C.S., and Fraga-Silva, T.F.C. (2019). Differential Behavior of Non-albicans Candida Species in the Central Nervous System of Immunocompetent and Immunosuppressed Mice. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02968"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2022). WHO Fungal Priority Pathogens List to Guide Research, Development and Public Health Action, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.2019950","article-title":"Pathogenesis and virulence of Candida albicans","volume":"13","author":"Lopes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36552-7","article-title":"Reciprocal modulation of ammonia and melanin production has implications for cryptococcal virulence","volume":"14","author":"Baker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9824","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27813-3","article-title":"Genetic Factors and Genotype-Environment Interactions Contribute to Variation in Melanin Production in the Fungal Pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"8","author":"Samarasinghe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2522","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00502-11","article-title":"Rapid identification of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii, C. neoformans var. neoformans, and C. gattii by use of rapid biochemical tests, differential media, and DNA sequencing","volume":"49","author":"McTaggart","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5274(00)00103-X","article-title":"Melanin and virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"3","author":"Casadevall","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cur. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2016.1138201","article-title":"Innate immune cell response upon Candida albicans infection","volume":"7","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1B-1","article-title":"Growing and analyzing static biofilms","volume":"22","author":"Merritt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Protocols Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2017.11.010","article-title":"Antibacterial and antifungal activities of phenolic compound-enriched ethyl acetate fraction from Cochlospermum regium (mart. Et. Schr.) Pilger roots: Mechanisms of action and synergism with tannin and gallic acid","volume":"114","author":"Carvalho","year":"2018","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"511","article-title":"Ecological surveys of the Cryptococcus species complex in China","volume":"125","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-011-0251-1","article-title":"Genesis and development of DPPH method of antioxidant assay","volume":"48","author":"Kedare","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horta, B., Freitas-Silva, J., Silva, J., Dias, F., Teixeira, A.L., Medeiros, R., Cidade, H., Pinto, M., and Cerqueira, F. (2023). Antitumor Effect of Chalcone Derivatives against Human Prostate (LNCaP and PC-3), Cervix HPV-Positive (HeLa) and Lymphocyte (Jurkat) Cell Lines and Their Effect on Macrophage Functions. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28052159"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4","article-title":"Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays","volume":"65","author":"Mosmann","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/13\/3\/222\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:06:03Z","timestamp":1760105163000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/13\/3\/222"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics13030222"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics13030222","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-6382"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]]}}}