{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T03:16:53Z","timestamp":1775186213896,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":198,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal)","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal)","award":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal)","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2020"]}]},{"name":"SusTEC","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"SusTEC","award":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"SusTEC","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic diseases (CD) may result from a combination of genetic factors, lifestyle and social behaviours, healthcare system influences, community factors, and environmental determinants of health. These risk factors frequently coexist and interact with one another. Ongoing research and a focus on personalized interventions are pivotal strategies for preventing and managing chronic disease outcomes. A wealth of literature suggests the potential involvement of gut microbiota in influencing host metabolism, thereby impacting various risk factors associated with chronic diseases. Dysbiosis, the perturbation of the composition and activity of the gut microbiota, is crucial in the etiopathogenesis of multiple CD. Recent studies indicate that specific microorganism-derived metabolites, including trimethylamine N-oxide, lipopolysaccharide and uremic toxins, contribute to subclinical inflammatory processes implicated in CD. Various factors, including diet, lifestyle, and medications, can alter the taxonomic species or abundance of gut microbiota. Researchers are currently dedicating efforts to understanding how the natural progression of microbiome development in humans affects health outcomes. Simultaneously, there is a focus on enhancing the understanding of microbiome\u2013host molecular interactions. These endeavours ultimately aim to devise practical approaches for rehabilitating dysregulated human microbial ecosystems, intending to restore health and prevent diseases. This review investigates how the gut microbiome contributes to CD and explains ways to modulate it for managing or preventing chronic conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13050392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T05:13:41Z","timestamp":1714108421000},"page":"392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The Role of Gut Microbiota in the Etiopathogenesis of Multiple Chronic Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7088-7980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara","family":"Pires","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Polifenoles en Alimentos, Implicaciones en la Calidad y en Salud Humana, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno s\/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5477-0703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Param\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Polifenoles en Alimentos, Implicaciones en la Calidad y en Salud Humana, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno s\/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7224-1098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandrina A.","family":"Heleno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6801-4578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo C.","family":"Calhelha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-020-00365-4","article-title":"Introduction to host microbiome symbiosis in health and disease","volume":"14","author":"Malard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2021.101542","article-title":"The gut microbiota as a versatile immunomodulator in obesity and associated metabolic disorders","volume":"35","author":"Olivares","year":"2021","journal-title":"Best Pr. 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