{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T20:51:10Z","timestamp":1773780670760,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Office of the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation (OPS MHESI)","award":["RGNS 65-188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGNS 65-188"]}]},{"name":"Office of the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation (OPS MHESI)","award":["UIDB\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50011\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Office of the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation (OPS MHESI)","award":["UIDP\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50011\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Office of the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation (OPS MHESI)","award":["LA\/P\/0006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI) and Project CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials","award":["RGNS 65-188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGNS 65-188"]}]},{"name":"Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI) and Project CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials","award":["UIDB\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50011\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI) and Project CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials","award":["UIDP\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50011\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI) and Project CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials","award":["LA\/P\/0006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds","award":["RGNS 65-188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGNS 65-188"]}]},{"name":"national funds","award":["UIDB\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50011\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds","award":["UIDP\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50011\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds","award":["LA\/P\/0006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MEC (PIDDAC)","award":["RGNS 65-188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGNS 65-188"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MEC (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDB\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50011\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MEC (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDP\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50011\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MEC (PIDDAC)","award":["LA\/P\/0006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0006\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leishmaniasis is a tropical infectious disease caused by Leishmania parasites. The disease can be spread by the bite of an infected sand fly. Currently, five chemotherapeutic drugs are available in leishmaniasis treatment. However, these drugs exhibit toxicity and serious adverse effects on infected individuals, necessitating alternative treatment strategies. One such strategy involves using combinations of existing antileishmanial drugs. In this study, we evaluated the interaction between artesunate (AS) and three antileishmanial drugs\u2014amphotericin B (AmB), miltefosine (MF), and paromomycin (PM) against Leishmania infantum. This evaluation marks the first time such an assessment has been conducted. The Chou\u2013Talalay combination index method was employed to analyze the drug interaction. The findings revealed that the interaction between AS and AmB ranged from antagonistic to synergistic, while the interaction between AS and MF showed moderate to strong synergism. In contrast, the interaction between AS and PM resulted in an antagonistic interaction, which differs from the combinations with AmB or MF. This study provides valuable insights for developing novel drug regimens for leishmaniasis treatment, emphasizing the potential of AS and its combination with existing antileishmanial drugs. Further research is necessary to optimize drug combinations and minimize adverse effects, leading to more effective therapeutic outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13090806","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T04:48:25Z","timestamp":1724647705000},"page":"806","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Synergistic Effects of Artesunate in Combination with Amphotericin B and Miltefosine against Leishmania infantum: Potential for Dose Reduction and Enhanced Therapeutic Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4753-4010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuchpicha","family":"Intakhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence Research for Melioidosis and Microorganisms, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3550-5992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atiporn","family":"Saeung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0707-5203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia M.","family":"Rodrigues Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"HMRI\u2014Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6703-7869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria de Lourdes","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7953-7158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wetpisit","family":"Chanmol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence Research for Melioidosis and Microorganisms, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31204-2","article-title":"Leishmaniasis","volume":"392","author":"Burza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2024, June 20). 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