{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:13:59Z","timestamp":1769040839263,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT I.P","award":["UIDB\/04050\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04050\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT I.P","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000041"]}]},{"name":"FCT I.P","award":["CIMO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIMO"]}]},{"name":"FCT I.P","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT I.P","award":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT I.P","award":["SusTEC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SusTEC"]}]},{"name":"FCT I.P","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT I.P","award":["CEEC-INST"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEEC-INST"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDB\/04050\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04050\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000041"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["CIMO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIMO"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["SusTEC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SusTEC"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["CEEC-INST"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEEC-INST"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDB\/04050\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04050\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000041"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["CIMO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIMO"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["SusTEC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SusTEC"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["CEEC-INST"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEEC-INST"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Cork oak forests have been declining due to fungal pathogens such as Diplodia corticola. However, the preventive fungicides against this fungus have restricted use due to the deleterious effects on human health and the environment, prompting the need for sustainable alternatives. Here, we describe the antifungal activity of an aqueous extract of Hedera helix L. leaves (HAE) against D. corticola and the possible mechanism of action. Results\/Methods: The chemical analysis revealed compounds like the saponin hederacoside C, quinic acid, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, rutin, and glycoside derivatives of quercetin and kaempferol, all of which have been previously reported to possess antimicrobial activity. Remarkable in vitro antifungal activity was observed, reducing radial mycelial growth by 70% after 3 days of inoculation. Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants, bck1 and mkk1\/mkk2, affected the cell wall integrity signaling pathway were more resistant to HAE than the wild-type strain, suggesting that the extract targets kinases of the signaling pathway, which triggers toxicity. The viability under osmotic stress with 0.75 M NaCl was lower in the presence of HAE, suggesting the deficiency of osmotic protection by the cell wall. Conclusions: These results suggest that ivy extracts can be a source of new natural antifungal agents targeting the cell wall, opening the possibility of preventing fungal infections in cork oaks and improving the cork production sector using safer and more sustainable approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13121116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T04:21:36Z","timestamp":1732249296000},"page":"1116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cell Wall-Mediated Antifungal Activity of the Aqueous Extract of Hedera helix L. Leaves Against Diplodia corticola"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0744-5129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Cris\u00f3stomo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4182-5175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luara","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9050-5189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lillian","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMO, LA SusTEC, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3516-0795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiane C.","family":"Finimundy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMO, LA SusTEC, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0822-8248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3989-8925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steinberg, G., and Gurr, S.J. (2020). Fungi, fungicide discovery and global food security. Fungal Genet. Biol., 144.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2020.103476"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.3390\/bios5030537","article-title":"Current and Prospective Methods for Plant Disease Detection","volume":"5","author":"Fang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1100\/tsw.2007.22","article-title":"Pre-Exposure to Ozone Predisposes Oak Leaves to Attacks by Diplodia corticola and Biscogniauxia mediterranea","volume":"7","author":"Paoletti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hodkinson, T.R., Doohan, F.M., Saunders, M.J., and Murphy, B.R. (2019). The Influence of Endophytes on Cork Oak Forests Under a Changing Climate. Endophytes for a Growing World, Cambridge University Press. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108607667"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-03-16-0408-FE","article-title":"Endemic and Emerging Pathogens Threatening Cork Oak Trees: Management Options for Conserving a Unique Forest Ecosystem","volume":"100","author":"Moricca","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12366","DOI":"10.1111\/efp.12366","article-title":"Strain-related pathogenicity in Diplodia corticola","volume":"47","author":"Pinto","year":"2017","journal-title":"For. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funbio.2014.04.006","article-title":"Secretome analysis identifies potential virulence factors of Diplodia corticola, a fungal pathogen involved in cork oak (Quercus suber) decline","volume":"118","author":"Fernandes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fungal Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3347","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b04392","article-title":"Fungicides: An Overlooked Pesticide Class?","volume":"53","author":"Zubrod","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.4029","article-title":"Azole fungicides\u2014Understanding resistance mechanisms in agricultural fungal pathogens","volume":"71","author":"Price","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pest. Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2987","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.11.2987-2990.2001","article-title":"Critical Annotations to the Use of Azole Antifungals for Plant Protection","volume":"45","author":"Hof","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1179\/joc.2011.23.6.319","article-title":"Echinocandins: Are They All The Same?","volume":"23","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6040287","article-title":"Cork Oak Endophytic Fungi as Potential Biocontrol Agents against Biscogniauxia mediterranea and Diplodia corticola","volume":"6","author":"Costa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Fungi"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"40","article-title":"Effects of fungicides on decomposer communities and litter decomposition in vineyard streams","volume":"15","author":"Voss","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-019-0450-8","article-title":"The costs of human-induced evolution in an agricultural system","volume":"3","author":"Varah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9100521","article-title":"Antifungal Agents in Agriculture: Friends and Foes of Public Health","volume":"9","author":"Brauer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110812","article-title":"Global trends in pesticides: A looming threat and viable alternatives","volume":"201","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1080\/03601234.2019.1571366","article-title":"Potential of microalgae as biopesticides to contribute to sustainable agriculture and environmental development","volume":"54","author":"Costa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01014","article-title":"Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices","volume":"418","author":"Tilman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Grumezescu, A.M. (2017). Botanical pesticides with virucidal, bactericidal, and fungicidal activity. New Pesticides and Soil Sensors, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, J., Ramlal, A., Mallick, D., and Mishra, V. (2021). An Overview of Some Biopesticides and Their Importance in Plant Protection for Commercial Acceptance. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10061185"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simpson, B.K., Aryee, A.N.A., and Toldr\u00e1, F. (2019). Biopesticides and Biofertilizers: Types, Production, Benefits and Utilization. Byoproducts from Agriculture and Fisheries: Adding Value for Food, Feed, Pharma, and Fuels, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119383956"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.4161\/psb.6.11.17613","article-title":"Influence of abiotic stress signals on secondary metabolites in plants","volume":"6","author":"Akula","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Signal Behav."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytol.2016.12.006","article-title":"Medicago sativa as a source of secondary metabolites for agriculture and pharmaceutical industry","volume":"20","author":"Pomastowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytochem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1080\/10286020902942350","article-title":"Natural products\u2014Antifungal agents derived from plants","volume":"11","author":"Arif","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2014.01.022","article-title":"The haploinsufficiency profile of \u03b1-hederin suggests a caspofungin-like antifungal mode of action","volume":"101","author":"Prescott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1093\/chromsci\/bmu068","article-title":"Determination of Saponins and Flavonoids in Ivy Leaf Extracts Using HPLC-DAD","volume":"53","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(99)00503-8","article-title":"Triterpene saponins from the fruits of Hedera helix","volume":"53","author":"Bedir","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1556\/018.68.2017.2.7","article-title":"Chemical composition and antifungal activity of Hedera helix leaf ethanolic extract","volume":"68","author":"Mircea","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biol. Hung."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teixeira, A., S\u00e1nchez-Hern\u00e1ndez, E., Noversa, J., Cunha, A., Cortez, I., Marques, G., Mart\u00edn-Ramos, P., and Oliveira, R. (2023). Antifungal Activity of Plant Waste Extracts against Phytopathogenic Fungi: Allium sativum Peels Extract as a Promising Product Targeting the Fungal Plasma Membrane and Cell Wall. Horticulturae, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae9020136"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lemesheva, V., Islamova, R., Stepchenkova, E., Shenfeld, A., Birkemeyer, C., and Tarakhovskaya, E. (2023). Antibacterial, Antifungal and Algicidal Activity of Phlorotannins, as Principal Biologically Active Components of Ten Species of Brown Algae. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12040821"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kodedov\u00e1, M., and Sychrov\u00e1, H. (2015). Changes in the Sterol Composition of the Plasma Membrane Affect Membrane Potential, Salt Tolerance and the Activity of Multidrug Resistance Pumps in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139306"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00193-09","article-title":"Our Paths Might Cross: The Role of the Fungal Cell Wall Integrity Pathway in Stress Response and Cross Talk with Other Stress Response Pathways","volume":"8","author":"Fuchs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-019-2673-2","article-title":"Outline of the biosynthesis and regulation of ergosterol in yeast","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11070795","article-title":"Regulation of Ergosterol Biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"11","author":"Puig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41947","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.188607","article-title":"Interruption of inositol sphingolipid synthesis triggers Stt4p-dependent protein kinase C signaling","volume":"285","author":"Jesch","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/yea.1730","article-title":"Dual functions of Mdt1 in genome maintenance and cell integrity pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"27","author":"Traven","year":"2009","journal-title":"Yeast"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"68","article-title":"Phytochemical investigation and cytotoxic activity of Hedera helix ssp rhizomatifera leaves","volume":"4","author":"Elsohafy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rec. Pharm. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2020.112713","article-title":"Phytogeographical profiling of ivy leaf (Hedera helix L.)","volume":"154","author":"Bezruk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-957639","article-title":"Identification and Quantitative Analysis of Phenolic Compounds from the Dry Extract of Hedera helix","volume":"63","author":"Trute","year":"1997","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2019.111980","article-title":"Untargeted and targeted chemical profiling for efficacy-directed discrimination of Hedera helix L. subspecies using HPTLC-image analysis and HPTLC\/MS","volume":"145","author":"Shawky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1007\/s10337-017-3317-z","article-title":"Simultaneous Determination of Six Compounds in Hedera helix L. Using UPLC-ESI\u2013MS\/MS","volume":"80","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chromatographia"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"83","article-title":"Hedera helix as a medicinal plant","volume":"56","author":"Lutsenko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Herba Pol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14267","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.3c02875","article-title":"Common Ivy (Hedera Helix L.) as a Novel Green Resource in an Urban Biorefinery Concept","volume":"11","author":"Vercruysse","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106579","article-title":"Hederacoside-C protects against AGEs-induced ECM degradation in mice chondrocytes","volume":"84","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3408","DOI":"10.1080\/02648725.2022.2122303","article-title":"Pharmacological insights into the multifaceted biological properties of quinic acid","volume":"40","author":"Benali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Genet. Eng. Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"51","article-title":"Anti-Aspergillus activity of green coffee 5-O-caffeoyl quinic acid and its alkyl esters","volume":"61\u201362","author":"Campos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2019.1604948","article-title":"Antifungal effects of the flavonoids kaempferol and quercetin: A possible alternative for the control of fungal biofilms","volume":"35","author":"Rocha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1085","article-title":"Chemistry of Coffee","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comprehensive Natural Products II"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2010.08.022","article-title":"Synthesis, anti-fungal and 1,3-\u03b2-d-glucan synthase inhibitory activities of caffeic and quinic acid derivatives","volume":"18","author":"Ma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2017.01.002","article-title":"Role of phosphatidylserine in the activation of Rho1-related Pkc1 signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"31","author":"Nomura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.2.6.1200-1210.2003","article-title":"The Yeast Protein Kinase C Cell Integrity Pathway Mediates Tolerance to the Antifungal Drug Caspofungin through Activation of Slt2p Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling","volume":"2","author":"Schuller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5589","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.02649","article-title":"Ptdlns(3)P accumulation in triple lipid-phosphatase-deletion mutants triggers lethal hyperactivation of the Rho1p\/Pkc1p cell-integrity MAP kinase pathway","volume":"118","author":"Parrish","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4995","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-022-12073-z","article-title":"Improved osmotic stress tolerance in brewer\u2019s yeast induced by wheat gluten peptides","volume":"106","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2012.03.038","article-title":"Antifungal activity and detailed chemical characterization of Cistus ladanifer phenolic extracts","volume":"41","author":"Barros","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2011.02249.x","article-title":"Adaptation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to saline stress through laboratory evolution","volume":"24","author":"Dhar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Evol. Biol."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/13\/12\/1116\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:37:22Z","timestamp":1760114242000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/13\/12\/1116"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics13121116"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics13121116","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]}}}