{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T16:54:18Z","timestamp":1775148858666,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Phytol is a diterpene from the long-chain unsaturated acyclic alcohols, known for its diverse biological effects, including antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. Present in essential oils, phytol is a promising candidate for various applications in the pharmaceutical and biotechnological sectors. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial and drug-potentiating effects of phytol against multidrug-resistant bacteria and to evaluate its in silico properties: ADME and molecular docking. Methods: The in vitro antibacterial activity of phytol and the phytol combined with conventional drugs was evaluated by microdilution tests against standard and resistant bacterial strains. Finally, the SwissADME platform was employed to analyse the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic characteristics of phytol. Results: Phytol significantly reduced the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of norfloxacin and gentamicin required to inhibit multidrug-resistant strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. Additionally, ADME analysis revealed that phytol exhibits low toxicity and favourable pharmacokinetic properties; in addition, it is revealed through molecular docking that phytol showed a relevant affinity with the proteins 6GJ1 and 5KDR, however, with values lower than the drugs gentamicin and ampicillin. Conclusions: Collectively, these findings suggest that phytol holds potential as an effective adjuvant in combating antimicrobial resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13121171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T04:47:22Z","timestamp":1733287642000},"page":"1171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Analysis of the Antibiotic-Potentiating Activity, Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME) and the Molecular Docking Properties of Phytol Against Multi-Drug-Resistant (MDR) Strains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0966-9750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Weverton","family":"Almeida-Bezerra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri\u2014URCA, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6657-585X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saulo Almeida","family":"Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul\u2014UFRGS, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7522-2989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Thy\u00e1lisson da Costa","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Regional University of Cariri\u2014URCA, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Simone Galdino","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Regional University of Cariri\u2014URCA, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Daniel Sampaio","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Regional University of Cariri\u2014URCA, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3364-035X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel Gon\u00e7alves","family":"Alencar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Regional University of Cariri\u2014URCA, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6544-0141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isaac Moura","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri\u2014URCA, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Ewerton Yago de Sousa","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Regional University of Cariri\u2014URCA, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1316-7064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00edcera Datiane de Morais","family":"Oliveira-Tintino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri\u2014URCA, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Rafael Pereira","family":"da Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Regional University of Cariri\u2014URCA, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Jana\u00edna Esmeraldo","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Science and Technology CCT, State University of Ceara\u2014UECE, Fortaleza 63100-000, CE, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7733-9331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saulo Relison","family":"Tintino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Regional University of Cariri\u2014URCA, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Maria","family":"Barbosa-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Para\u00edba\u2014UFPB, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa 58059-900, PB, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5898-1257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Flaviana Bezerra","family":"Morais-Braga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Regional University of Cariri\u2014URCA, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1065-9581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irwin Rose Alencar","family":"de Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri\u2014URCA, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5286-2249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Raposo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBIOS (Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies), Universidade Lus\u00f3fona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6634-4207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrique Douglas Melo","family":"Coutinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri\u2014URCA, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"History of antibiotics","volume":"1","author":"Kourkouta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sumer. 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