{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T20:37:38Z","timestamp":1770755858504,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"University of Aveiro, FCT\/MEC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"University of Aveiro, FCT\/MEC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI22\/00148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/00148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"University of Aveiro, FCT\/MEC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2022-137893OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-137893OB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"University of Aveiro, FCT\/MEC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2021-123964NB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-123964NB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"University of Aveiro, FCT\/MEC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["REIPI RD12\/0015\/0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REIPI RD12\/0015\/0013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"University of Aveiro, FCT\/MEC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["REIPI RD16\/0016\/0010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REIPI RD16\/0016\/0010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"University of Aveiro, FCT\/MEC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTI2018-099756-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-099756-B-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"University of Aveiro, FCT\/MEC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022.11294.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.11294.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"University of Aveiro, FCT\/MEC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AYUD\/2022\/9313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AYUD\/2022\/9313"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI22\/00148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/00148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2022-137893OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-137893OB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2021-123964NB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-123964NB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["REIPI RD12\/0015\/0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REIPI RD12\/0015\/0013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["REIPI RD16\/0016\/0010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REIPI RD16\/0016\/0010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTI2018-099756-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-099756-B-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022.11294.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.11294.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AYUD\/2022\/9313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AYUD\/2022\/9313"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"MCI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"MCI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI22\/00148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/00148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"MCI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2022-137893OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-137893OB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"MCI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2021-123964NB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-123964NB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"MCI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["REIPI RD12\/0015\/0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REIPI RD12\/0015\/0013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"MCI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["REIPI RD16\/0016\/0010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REIPI RD16\/0016\/0010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"MCI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTI2018-099756-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-099756-B-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"MCI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022.11294.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.11294.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"MCI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AYUD\/2022\/9313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AYUD\/2022\/9313"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases","award":["PI22\/00148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/00148"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases","award":["PID2022-137893OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-137893OB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases","award":["PID2021-123964NB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-123964NB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases","award":["REIPI RD12\/0015\/0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REIPI RD12\/0015\/0013"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases","award":["REIPI RD16\/0016\/0010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REIPI RD16\/0016\/0010"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases","award":["RTI2018-099756-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-099756-B-I00"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases","award":["2022.11294.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.11294.BD"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases","award":["AYUD\/2022\/9313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AYUD\/2022\/9313"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"MCIU\/AEI\/FEDER, UE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"MCIU\/AEI\/FEDER, UE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI22\/00148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/00148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"MCIU\/AEI\/FEDER, UE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2022-137893OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-137893OB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"MCIU\/AEI\/FEDER, UE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2021-123964NB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-123964NB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"MCIU\/AEI\/FEDER, UE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["REIPI RD12\/0015\/0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REIPI RD12\/0015\/0013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"MCIU\/AEI\/FEDER, UE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["REIPI RD16\/0016\/0010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REIPI RD16\/0016\/0010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"MCIU\/AEI\/FEDER, UE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTI2018-099756-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-099756-B-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"MCIU\/AEI\/FEDER, UE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022.11294.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.11294.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"MCIU\/AEI\/FEDER, UE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AYUD\/2022\/9313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AYUD\/2022\/9313"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI22\/00148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/00148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2022-137893OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-137893OB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2021-123964NB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-123964NB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["REIPI RD12\/0015\/0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REIPI RD12\/0015\/0013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["REIPI RD16\/0016\/0010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REIPI RD16\/0016\/0010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTI2018-099756-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-099756-B-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022.11294.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.11294.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AYUD\/2022\/9313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AYUD\/2022\/9313"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"Programa Investigo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"Programa Investigo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI22\/00148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/00148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"Programa Investigo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2022-137893OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-137893OB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"Programa Investigo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2021-123964NB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-123964NB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"Programa Investigo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["REIPI RD12\/0015\/0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REIPI RD12\/0015\/0013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"Programa Investigo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["REIPI RD16\/0016\/0010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REIPI RD16\/0016\/0010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"Programa Investigo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTI2018-099756-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-099756-B-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"Programa Investigo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022.11294.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.11294.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"Programa Investigo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AYUD\/2022\/9313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AYUD\/2022\/9313"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction\/Objectives: Nosocomial infections caused by S. aureus and S. epidermidis resistant strains are an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Due to the increasing rate of resistance to conventional antibiotics, the discovery of new antibiotic drugs is crucial to keep pace with the evolution of these pathogenic bacterial species. Methods: The 3-nitro-2H-chromene moiety is present in several compounds with potent antibacterial activity; based on these previous studies, we report herein the synthesis of 20 new 2-aryl-3-nitro-2H-chromene derivatives and the evaluation of their antibacterial potential in vitro. Results: Mono-halogenated nitrochromenes showed moderate anti-staphylococcal activity with MIC values of 8\u201332 \u03bcg\/mL, whereas tri-halogenated 3-nitro-2H-chromenes displayed potent anti-staphylococcal activities with MIC values of 1\u20138 \u03bcg\/mL. Notably, 2-(4-bromophenyl)-6-bromo-8-chloro-3-nitro-2H-chromene 5s was the best antibacterial agent in the series against multidrug-resistant strains of S. aureus and S. epidermidis with MIC values of 4 \u03bcg\/mL and 1\u20134 \u03bcg\/mL, respectively. Conclusions: nitrochromene 5s shows a good safety profile, so it can be considered as a lead for further development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14030218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T06:39:07Z","timestamp":1740119947000},"page":"218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Halogenated 3-Nitro-2H-Chromenes as Potential Agents Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5202-5141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia I. C.","family":"Godinho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2929-7805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"P\u00e9rez-Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Oviedo, and Instituto Universitario de Qu\u00edmica Organomet\u00e1lica Enrique Moles, C\/Juli\u00e1n Claver\u00eda 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8887-9483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaiza","family":"Gabasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISGlobal, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Facultat de Medicina i Ci\u00e8ncies de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9563-1928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enmanuel","family":"Cornielle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISGlobal, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Facultat de Medicina i Ci\u00e8ncies de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9507-105X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara M.","family":"Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISGlobal, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Facultat de Medicina i Ci\u00e8ncies de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28028 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8178-0034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel G.","family":"Soengas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Oviedo, and Instituto Universitario de Qu\u00edmica Organomet\u00e1lica Enrique Moles, C\/Juli\u00e1n Claver\u00eda 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2861-8286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur M. S.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators (2022). Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: A systematic analysis. Lancet, 399, 629\u2013655."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and World Health Organization (2023). Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance in Europe 2023\u20132021 Data, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01940-8","article-title":"The time to address the antibiotic pipeline and access crisis is now","volume":"404","author":"Balasegaram","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1038\/s41570-021-00313-1","article-title":"Towards the sustainable discovery and development of new antibiotics","volume":"5","author":"Miethke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2024.116833","article-title":"Drug repurposing against antibiotic resistant bacterial pathogens","volume":"279","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.2174\/0115680266305231240712104736","article-title":"Eco-friendly approaches to chromene derivatives: A comprehensive review of green synthesis strategies","volume":"25","author":"Patel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10476","DOI":"10.1021\/cr500075s","article-title":"Natural and synthetic chromenes, fused chromenes, and versatility of dihydrobenzo [h] chromenes in organic synthesis","volume":"114","author":"Pratap","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Weissberger, A., and Taylor, E.C. (1977). Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds Chromenes, Chromanes and Chromones, Chapter II, John Wiley."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4960","DOI":"10.1021\/cr400265z","article-title":"Chromone: A valid scaffold in medicinal","volume":"114","author":"Gaspar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2014.03.047","article-title":"Chromones as a privileged scaffold in drug discovery: A review","volume":"78","author":"Keri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2000.00879.x","article-title":"The chromones: History, chemistry and clinical development. A tribute to the work of Dr R.E.C. Altounyan","volume":"30","author":"Edwards","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1285","article-title":"Synthesis and pharmacological activities of non-flavonoid chromones: A patent review (from 2005 to 2015)","volume":"25","author":"Matos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Pat."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2022.133012","article-title":"Synthetic strategies and pharmacological activities of chromene and its derivatives: An overview","volume":"1263","author":"Katiyar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044-017-1794-0","article-title":"Antidiabetic and allied biochemical roles of new chromeno-pyranopyrimidine compounds: Synthesis, in vitro and in silico analysis","volume":"26","author":"Hese","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s11164-022-04893-5","article-title":"A facile one-pot green synthesis of novel 2-amino-4H-chromenes: Antibacterial and antioxidant evaluation","volume":"49","author":"Maddahi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res. Chem. Intermed."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173452","article-title":"In vivo efficacy studies of chromene-based compounds in triple-negative breast cancer: A systematic review","volume":"887","author":"Pontes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/jhet.4154","article-title":"2-Amino-3-cyano-4H-chromene-4-ylphosphonates as potential antiviral agents: Synthesis, in ovo and in silico approach","volume":"58","author":"Shaik","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Heterocycl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1007\/s00706-020-02692-5","article-title":"One-pot three-component reaction for facile and efficient green synthesis of chromene pyrimidine-2,4-dione derivatives and evaluation of their antibacterial activity","volume":"151","author":"Foroughi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Monatsh. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"12878","article-title":"Evaluation of antibacterial, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis activity of novel chromene-sulfonamide hybrids synthesized under solvent-free conditions and 3D-QSAR modeling studies","volume":"14","author":"Ghomashi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-05-284810","article-title":"A small-molecule inhibitor of D-cyclin transactivation displays preclinical efficacy in myeloma and leukemia via phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway","volume":"117","author":"Mao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1002\/ardp.201400082","article-title":"Synthesis of sulfonylhydrazone- and acylhydrazone-substituted 8-ethoxy-3-nitro-2H-chromenes as potent antiproliferative and apoptosis inducing agents","volume":"347","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2014.09.017","article-title":"Synthesis, in vitro cytotoxicity and apoptosis inducing study of 2-aryl-3-nitro-2H-chromene derivatives as potent anti-breast cancer agents","volume":"86","author":"Safavi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6559","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.5b00991","article-title":"A Novel covalent mTOR inhibitor, DHM25, shows in vivo antitumor activity against triple-negative breast cancer cells","volume":"58","author":"Delalande","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2017.05.062","article-title":"Design, synthesis and tumor cell growth inhibitory activity of 3-nitro-2H-chromene derivatives as histone deacetylaes inhibitors","volume":"25","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1002\/ardp.201200121","article-title":"3-Nitro-2H-chromenes as a new class of inhibitors against thioredoxin reductase and proliferation of cancer cells","volume":"345","author":"Xiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-223305","article-title":"Inhibition of bacterial thioredoxin reductase: An antibiotic mechanism targeting bacteria lacking glutathione","volume":"27","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ratia, C., Ball\u00e9n, V., Gabasa, Y., Soengas, R.G., Velasco-de Andr\u00e9s, M., Iglesias, M.J., Cheng, Q., Lozano, F., Arn\u00e9r, E.S.J., and L\u00f3pez-Ortiz, F. (2023). Novel gold(III)-dithiocarbamate complex targeting bacterial thioredoxin reductase: Antimicrobial activity, synergy, toxicity, and mechanistic insights. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1198473"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"235","article-title":"Synthesis and evaluation of 3-nitro-2H-chromene derivatives as new antibacterials","volume":"27","author":"Xiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"West China J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tetlet.2018.07.046","article-title":"Asymmetric synthesis and biological evaluation of 3-nitro-2H-chromenes as potential antibacterial agents","volume":"59","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2717","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(01)00284-2","article-title":"An easy and efficient method for the synthesis of 2,2-dialkyl-3-nitrochromene","volume":"42","author":"Yan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daina, A., Michielin, O., and Zoete, V. (2017). SwissADME: A free web tool to evaluate pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal chemistry friendliness of small molecules. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42717"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"205","article-title":"Improved understanding of factors driving methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus epidemic waves","volume":"5","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03903.x","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection: A multinational population-based surveillance study","volume":"19","author":"Laupland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hidalgo-Tenorio, C., G\u00e1lvez, J., Mart\u00ednez-Marcos, F.J., Plata-Ciezar, A., De La Torre-Lima, J., L\u00f3pez-Cort\u00e9s, L.E., Noureddine, M., Reguera, J.M., Vinuesa, D., and Garc\u00eda, M.V. (2020). Clinical and prognostic differences between methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis. BMC Infect. Dis., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-4895-1"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jankeel, A., P\u00e9rez-Parra, G., Khetarpal, A.K., Alvarado, I.A., Nizet, V., Sakoulas, G., and Ulloa, E.R. (2025). Enhanced killing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with ceftaroline or vancomycin in combination with carbapenems. J. Infect. Dis., jiaf010.","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf010"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nandhini, P., Kumar, P., Mickymaray, S., Alothaim, A.S., Somasundaram, J., and Rajan, M. (2022). Recent Developments in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) treatment: A review. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11050606"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6132","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jcim.4c01046","article-title":"Combatting antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Discovery of TST1N-224, a potent inhibitor targeting response regulator VraRC, through pharmacophore-based screening and molecular characterizations","volume":"64","author":"Hsu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raimondi, M.V., Presentato, A., Li Petri, G., Buttacavoli, M., Ribaudo, A., De Caro, V., Alduina, R., and Cancemi, P. (2020). New synthetic nitro-pyrrolomycins as promising antibacterial and anticancer agents. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9060292"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olender, D., Zwawiak, J., and Zaprutko, L. (2018). Multidirectional efficacy of biologically active nitro compounds included in medicines. Pharmaceuticals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph11020054"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noriega, S., Cardoso-Ortiz, J., L\u00f3pez-Luna, A., Cuevas-Flores, M.R., and De La Torre, J.A.F. (2022). The diverse biological activity of recently synthesized nitro compounds. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15060717"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01510-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01510-17","article-title":"A Novel Mechanism of Inactivating Antibacterial Nitro Compounds in the Human Pathogen Staphylococcus aureus by Overexpression of a NADH-Dependent Flavin Nitroreductase","volume":"62","author":"Baud","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2018.04.008","article-title":"Physiological aspects of nitro drug resistance in Giardia lamblia","volume":"8","author":"Muller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s11224-020-01612-x","article-title":"Substituent effects of nitro group in cyclic compounds","volume":"32","author":"Jezuita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Struct. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiz, D.B., Bagnoli, L., Rosati, O., Marini, F., Sancineto, L., and Santi, C. (2022). New halogen-containing drugs approved by FDA in 2021: An overview on their syntheses and pharmaceutical use. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27051643"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1021\/ci400539q","article-title":"Halogen bond: Its role beyond drug-target binding affinity for drug discovery and development","volume":"54","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2688","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CS00034E","article-title":"Halogen bonds of halonium ions","volume":"49","author":"Turunen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2478","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5b00484","article-title":"The halogen bond","volume":"116","author":"Cavallo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Suyama, K., Shiki, J., Torikai, K., Nose, T., Shimohigashi, M., and Shimohigashi, Y. (2020). Bisphenol AF: Halogen bonding effect is a major driving force for the dual ERa-agonist and ERb-antagonist activities. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 28.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2019.115274"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.2174\/138945010790711996","article-title":"Halogen atoms in the modern medicinal chemistry: Hints for the drug design","volume":"11","author":"Hernandes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2019.03.063","article-title":"Synthetic approaches and pharmaceutical applications of chloro-containing molecules for drug discovery: A critical review","volume":"173","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mardirossian, M., Rubini, M., Adamo, M.F.A., Scocchi, M., Saviano, M., Tossi, A., Gennaro, R., and Caporale, A. (2021). Natural and synthetic halogenated amino acids-Structural and bioactive features in antimicrobial peptides and peptidomimetics. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26237401"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmch.2014.11.001","article-title":"Fluorine in medicinal chemistry","volume":"54","author":"Swallow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8315","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.5b00258","article-title":"Applications of fluorine in medicinal chemistry","volume":"58","author":"Gillis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1021\/jm3012068","article-title":"Principles and applications of halogen bonding in medicinal chemistry and chemical biology","volume":"56","author":"Wilcken","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI102186","article-title":"Preliminary report on the use of chloramphenicol (chloromycetin) in the treatment of acute gonorrheal urethritis","volume":"28","author":"Smadel","year":"1949","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1124\/pharmrev.123.000863","article-title":"Halogenated antimicrobial agents to combat drug-resistant pathogens","volume":"76","author":"Faleye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molchanova, N., Nielsen, J.E., S\u00f8rensen, K.B., Prabhala, B.K., Hansen, P.R., Lund, R., Barron, A.E., and Jenssen, H. (2020). Halogenation as a tool to tune antimicrobial activity of peptoids. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71771-8"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hurtova, M., Kanova, K., Dobiasova, S., Holasova, K., Cakova, D., Hoang, L., Biedermann, D., Kuzma, M., Cvacka, J., and Kren, V. (2022). Selectively halogenated flavonolignans\u2014 preparation and antibacterial activity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315121"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1021\/np500775e","article-title":"Enhancement of antibiotic activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria by the efflux pump inhibitor 3,4-dibromopyrrole-2,5-dione isolated from a Pseudoalteromonas sp.","volume":"78","author":"Whalen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2015.10.029","article-title":"Novel derivatives of nitro-substituted salicylic acids: Synthesis, antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity","volume":"23","author":"Paraskevopoulos","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.3109\/14756366.2012.735666","article-title":"In vitro antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activities of some triazole Schiff bases and their oxovanadium(IV) complexes","volume":"28","author":"Sumrra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Enzyme. Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"364","article-title":"A new efficient route to 7-aryl-6-fluoro-8-nitroquinolones as potent antibacterial agents","volume":"30","author":"Zani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2014.03.044","article-title":"Exploring 5-nitrofuran derivatives against nosocomial pathogens: Synthesis, antimicrobial activity and chemometric analysis","volume":"22","author":"Zorzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-018-3223-9","article-title":"Chromosomally encoded and plasmid-mediated polymyxins resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii: A huge public health threat","volume":"1","author":"Lima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tetlet.2015.09.083","article-title":"An efficient protocol for the eliminative deoxygenation of aliphatic and aromatic epoxides to olefins with polyphosphoric acid as a promoter","volume":"56","author":"Pathe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1080\/00397911.2019.1606919","article-title":"One pot, three component synthesis of spiroindenoquinoxaline pyrrolidine fused nitrochromene derivatives following 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition","volume":"49","author":"Nayak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Synth. Commun."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"407","article-title":"Cascade Oxa-Michael\u2013Henry Reaction of Salicylaldehydes with Nitrostyrenes via Ball Milling: A Solvent-Free Synthesis of 3-Nitro-2H-chromenes","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Synthesis"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1039\/b922668k","article-title":"Efficient kinetic resolution of racemic 3-nitro-2H-chromene derivatives catalyzed by Takemoto\u2019s organocatalyst","volume":"8","author":"Xie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2022.133341","article-title":"Aqueous synthesis of 2-aryl-3-nitro-2H-chromenes via l-prolinamide mediated tandem oxa-Michael Henry reactions","volume":"1265","author":"Rani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2013). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: Twenty-Third Informational Supplement M100-S23, CLSI."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/14\/3\/218\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:39:44Z","timestamp":1760027984000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/14\/3\/218"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics14030218"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics14030218","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]}}}