{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T02:39:35Z","timestamp":1775183975368,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"RumiRes","award":["PRR-C05-i03-I-000190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRR-C05-i03-I-000190"]}]},{"name":"RumiRes","award":["GHTM-UID\/04413\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GHTM-UID\/04413\/2020"]}]},{"name":"RumiRes","award":["LA\/P\/0117\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0117\/2020"]}]},{"name":"RumiRes","award":["UIDB\/00681\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00681\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Foundation","award":["PRR-C05-i03-I-000190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRR-C05-i03-I-000190"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Foundation","award":["GHTM-UID\/04413\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GHTM-UID\/04413\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Foundation","award":["LA\/P\/0117\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0117\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Foundation","award":["UIDB\/00681\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00681\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LA-REAL","award":["PRR-C05-i03-I-000190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRR-C05-i03-I-000190"]}]},{"name":"LA-REAL","award":["GHTM-UID\/04413\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GHTM-UID\/04413\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LA-REAL","award":["LA\/P\/0117\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0117\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LA-REAL","award":["UIDB\/00681\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00681\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CERNAS","award":["PRR-C05-i03-I-000190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRR-C05-i03-I-000190"]}]},{"name":"CERNAS","award":["GHTM-UID\/04413\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GHTM-UID\/04413\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CERNAS","award":["LA\/P\/0117\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0117\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CERNAS","award":["UIDB\/00681\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00681\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a pressing global concern affecting both human and animal health, with environment playing a key role in the dissemination of resistance determinants. This study aimed to investigate the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) associated with tetracyclines, \u03b2-lactams, macrolides, and sulfonamides in environmental matrices collected from 65 sheep and goat farms in central Portugal. Methods: Environmental samples, including water, soil, pasture, and bedding, were analyzed through qPCR for the detection of clinically relevant ARGs. Results: ARGs were detected in 83% of the samples, with over half exhibiting genes from three or more antibiotic classes, suggesting potential multidrug resistance. \u03b2-lactamase genes were the most prevalent, followed by those conferring resistance to tetracycline and sulfonamide resistance, while macrolide resistance genes were least frequent. The distribution of ARGs varied by farm type, host species, and municipality. Conclusions: These findings suggest that small ruminant farms serve as important reservoirs for ARGs. The results underscore the need for systematic surveillance and further research into the ecological and genetic factors driving ARG persistence and dissemination in extensive livestock systems, including proper waste management strategies to limit the spread and persistence of antibiotic resistance and mitigate broader public health risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14060576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T10:10:16Z","timestamp":1749031816000},"page":"576","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in the Environments of Small Ruminant Farms from Central Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1324-8902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaqueline T.","family":"Bento","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8374-3739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Gomes-Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Viseu, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"},{"name":"Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica da Universidade do Porto, 4050-091 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Integrativa e Translacional em Sa\u00fade Populacional (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Esteves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Viseu, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"},{"name":"CERNAS-IPV Research Centre, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alexandra Lameira","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Viseu, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"},{"name":"CERNAS-IPV Research Centre, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"},{"name":"Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4054-9124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Aires Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Viseu, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"},{"name":"CERNAS-IPV Research Centre, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"},{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health (LA-REAL), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Caseiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Viseu, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Carreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Viseu, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Figueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Castelo Branco (IPCB), Av. Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral 12, 6000-084 Castelo Branco, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8769-8103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o R.","family":"Mesquita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Estudos de Ci\u00eancia Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ci\u00eancias, Tecnologias e Agroambiente (ICETA), Universidade do Porto (UP), 4051-401 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9637-6541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriano A.","family":"Bordalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0732-1571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO Regional Office for Europe\/European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2022). 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