{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T13:04:06Z","timestamp":1775653446974,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00snfqn58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Centre of Studies in Geography and Spatial Planning"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Enterococcus spp. are important indicators of AMR and potential opportunistic pathogens. Urban green spaces, frequented by dogs and humans, may serve as reservoirs for resistant bacteria. This study assessed the occurrence, AMR profiles, and virulence traits of Enterococcus spp. in dog feces from urban green spaces in Porto (Portugal). Methods: In December 2023 and May 2024, 240 dog fecal samples were collected from 12 urban green spaces across Porto. Enterococcus spp. were isolated using selective culture, identified to species level, and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility following CLSI guidelines. PCR screening was performed for resistance genes (vanA, vanB, erm(A\/B\/C), vatD\/E, tet(M\/O\/L\/K)) and virulence genes (gelE, ace). Environmental and socioeconomic features, including vegetation density (NDVI), presence of water features, and neighborhood deprivation (EDI), were recorded to explore associations with bacterial occurrence and traits. Results: Thirty-two isolates were recovered, mainly E. faecium (n = 9) and E. faecalis (n = 7). High resistance rates were observed to tetracycline (56.3%) and quinupristin\/dalfopristin (37.5%), with lower rates for vancomycin, teicoplanin, and ciprofloxacin (3.1%), and imipenem (6.3%). Tet(M) was the most prevalent resistance gene (40.6%), and gelE and ace were frequently detected, often co-occurring with resistance determinants. Distribution of resistance and virulence genes varied across green spaces, with widely used parks showing more isolates. Vegetation density and water features were not directly associated with bacterial recovery. Conclusions: Dog feces in urban green spaces contribute to localized AMR hotspots, acting as potential reservoirs of resistant and potentially pathogenic Enterococcus spp. These findings highlight the importance of One Health strategies for urban sanitation and AMR surveillance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15040379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T11:41:18Z","timestamp":1775648478000},"page":"379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Occurrence and Characterization of Antimicrobial-Resistant and Virulent Enterococcus spp. in Dog Feces from Urban Green Spaces in Porto (Portugal)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8274-2013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), Department of Chemistry, University NOVA of Lisbon, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), La SusTEC, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Lameiras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9406-8433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), Department of Chemistry, University NOVA of Lisbon, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6365-0735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilberto","family":"Igrejas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), Department of Chemistry, University NOVA of Lisbon, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6638-9782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Cortez Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Isabel","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Faculdade de Letras, Universidade do Porto, Centre of Studies in Geography and Spatial Planning (CEGOT), 4150-564 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"EPIUnit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1236-3012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa Letra","family":"Mateus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"EPIUnit\u2014Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CISAS\u2014Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0925-689X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Poeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), Department of Chemistry, University NOVA of Lisbon, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2746","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt289","article-title":"Spread of Multidrug-Resistant Enterococcus to Animals and Humans: An Underestimated Role for the Pig Farm Environment","volume":"68","author":"Novais","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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