{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T07:58:11Z","timestamp":1774598291936,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,7]],"date-time":"2013-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1360195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the continuous release of antimicrobials into the environment, the aim of this study was to compare the frequency of detection of sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxypyridazine and trimethoprim in surface water collected from urban and rural areas in Northwestern Spain. A monitoring study was conducted with 314 river water samples analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The results indicated that 37% of the samples contained residues of at least one of the investigated antimicrobials, and every sampling site yielded positive samples. At sites located near the discharge points of wastewater treatment plants and near the collection point of a drinking-water treatment plant, more than 6% of the samples were positive for the presence of antimicrobial residues. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics2010046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,7]],"date-time":"2013-02-07T11:03:18Z","timestamp":1360234998000},"page":"46-57","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Determination of the Presence of Three Antimicrobials in Surface Water Collected from Urban and Rural Areas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Iglesias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Nebot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7992-1491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Abu\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Cepeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn213","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance ad hoc Group of the French Food Safety Agency. A comparison of antimicrobial usage in human and veterinary medicine in France from 1999 to 2005","volume":"62","author":"Moulin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2011.12.025","article-title":"Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plants at the Spanish Mediterranean area of Valencia","volume":"87","author":"Sancho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-006-0444-z","article-title":"Determination of antimicrobial residues and metabolites in the aquatic environment by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"386","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2007.06.002","article-title":"Veterinary antibiotics in the aquatic and terrestrial environment","volume":"8","author":"Kemper","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2011.05.013","article-title":"Measurement of trace levels of antibiotics in river water using on-line enrichment and triple-quadrupole LC-MS\/MS","volume":"85","author":"Dinh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2003.12.006","article-title":"Ranking and prioritization of environmental risks of pharmaceuticals in surface waters","volume":"39","author":"Sanderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2008.12.005","article-title":"Pharmaceuticals in the environment: Good practice in predicting acute ecotoxicological effects","volume":"185","author":"Madden","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(97)00354-8","article-title":"Occurrence, fate and effects of pharmaceutical substances in the environment\u2014A review","volume":"36","author":"Lanzky","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"53","article-title":"Occurrence and Fate of Human Pharmaceuticals in the Environment","volume":"202","author":"Monteiro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-006-0613-0","article-title":"Quantification of human and veterinary antibiotics in water and sediment using SPE\/LC\/MS\/MS","volume":"387","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2008.03.057","article-title":"Simultaneous analysis of 16 sulfonamide and trimethoprim antibiotics in environmental waters by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"1190","author":"Chang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.04.026","article-title":"The occurrence of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, endocrine disruptors and illicit drugs in surface water in South Wales, UK","volume":"42","author":"Dinsdale","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2008.02.021","article-title":"Determination of antibiotics in aquatic environment by solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry","volume":"1187","author":"Rao","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1365\/s10337-008-0780-6","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, macrolides and trimethoprim in wastewater and river water by LC-tandem-MS","volume":"68","author":"Senta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chromatographia"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-010-3702-z","article-title":"Validation and application of an LC-MS\/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of 13 pharmaceuticals in seawater","volume":"397","author":"Wille","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1039\/c1em10185d","article-title":"Monitoring of pharmaceutically active compounds on the Guadalquivir River basin (Spain): Occurrence and risk assessment","volume":"13","author":"Santos","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Monit."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-008-2020-1","article-title":"Determination of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in hospital and municipal wastewaters in Coimbra by liquid chromatography with a monolithic column and fluorescence detection","volume":"391","author":"Pena","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1039\/B915676C","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone antibiotics determination in piggeries environmental waters","volume":"12","author":"Pena","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Monit."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2008.07.062","article-title":"Spatial and temporal analysis of pharmaceutical concentrations in the upper Tennessee River basin","volume":"73","author":"Conley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2008.12.006","article-title":"Antibiotics in the aquatic environment\u2014A review. Part II","volume":"75","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Forbes, B., Sahm, D.F., and Weissfeld, A.S. (2009). Bailey & Scott\u2019s Diagn\u00f3stico microbiol\u00f3gico, M\u00e9dica Panamericana. [12th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2008.03.029","article-title":"Highly sensitive simultaneous determination of sulfonamide antibiotics and one metabolite in environmental waters by liquid chromatography-quadrupole linear ion trap-mass spectrometry","volume":"1193","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.11.059","article-title":"The occurrence of antibiotics in an urban watershed: From wastewater to drinking water","volume":"407","author":"Watkinson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2010.07.002","article-title":"Analysis of 70 Environmental Protection Agency priority pharmaceuticals in water by EPA Method 1694","volume":"1217","author":"Ferrer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2009.12.009","article-title":"Determination of 19 sulfonamides in environmental water samples by automated on-line solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS\/MS)","volume":"81","year":"2010","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2007.06.003","article-title":"Estimating the use of veterinary medicines in the European Union","volume":"50","author":"Kools","year":"2008","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(03)01213-5","article-title":"Determination of selected human pharmaceutical compounds in effluent and surface water samples by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"1015","author":"Hilton","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2881","DOI":"10.1897\/02-627","article-title":"Distribution of acidic and neutral drugs in surface waters near sewage treatment plants in the lower Great Lakes, Canada","volume":"22","author":"Metcalfe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8220","DOI":"10.1021\/es051124k","article-title":"Seasonal variation in the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in effluents from a sewage treatment plant and in the recipient water","volume":"39","author":"Vieno","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.1897\/05-571R.1","article-title":"Seasonality effects on pharmaceuticals and s-triazine herbicides in wastewater effluent and surface water from the Canadian side of the upper Detroit River","volume":"25","author":"Hua","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.03.110","article-title":"Source, occurrence and fate of antibiotics in the Italian aquatic environment","volume":"179","author":"Zuccato","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2007.05.074","article-title":"Multi-residue method for the determination of basic\/neutral pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in surface water by solid-phase extraction and ultra performance liquid chromatography-positive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"1161","author":"Dinsdale","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2706","DOI":"10.1897\/08-486.1","article-title":"Bridging levels of pharmaceuticals in river water with biological community structure in the Llobregat river basin (northeast Spain)","volume":"28","author":"Ricart","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2009.10.004","article-title":"Drugs of abuse and their metabolites in the Ebro River basin: Occurrence in sewage and surface water, sewage treatment plants removal efficiency, and collective drug usage estimation","volume":"36","author":"Postigo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-007-0174-9","article-title":"Environmental levels of ultraviolet light potentiate the toxicity of sulfonamide antibiotics in Daphnia magna","volume":"17","author":"Jung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"49","article-title":"Management of irrigation water in Terra Ch\u00e1: Indicators","volume":"5","year":"2009","journal-title":"IBADER: Instituto de Biodiversidade Agraria e Desenvolvemento Rural Recursos Rurais."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica. Anuario Estad\u00edstico de Espa\u00f1a 2011. Available online:http:\/\/www.ine.es\/prodyser\/pubweb\/anuario11\/anu11_02demog.pdf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3235","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-012-0830-3","article-title":"Detection and quantitative analysis of 21 veterinary drugs in river water using high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"19","author":"Iglesias","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/2\/1\/46\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:44:52Z","timestamp":1760219092000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/2\/1\/46"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,7]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics2010046"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics2010046","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,7]]}}}