{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T11:47:05Z","timestamp":1777549625581,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]],"date-time":"2019-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FCT UID\/QUI\/00062\/2019; UID\/AMB\/50017\/2019;FCT-PTDC\/ASPPES\/29576\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT UID\/QUI\/00062\/2019; UID\/AMB\/50017\/2019;FCT-PTDC\/ASPPES\/29576\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the FEDER-Operational Thematic Program for Competitiveness and Internationalization-COMPETE 2020","award":["PT2020 Partnership Agreement"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT2020 Partnership Agreement"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The few approved disinfection techniques for blood derivatives promote damage in the blood components, representing risks for the transfusion receptor. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) seems to be a promising approach for the photoinactivation of pathogens in blood, but only three photosensitizers (PSs) have been approved, methylene blue (MB) for plasma and riboflavin and amotosalen for plasma and platelets. In this study, the efficiency of the porphyrinic photosensitizer Tri-Py(+)-Me and of the porphyrinic formulation FORM was studied in the photoinactivation of Candida albicans in plasma and in whole blood and the results were compared to the ones obtained with the already approved PS MB. The results show that FORM and Tri-Py(+)-Me are promising PSs to inactivate C. albicans in plasma. Although in whole blood the inactivation rates obtained were higher than the ones obtained with MB, further improvements are required. None of these PSs had promoted hemolysis at the isotonic conditions when hemolysis was evaluated in whole blood and after the addition of treated plasma with these PSs to concentrates of red blood cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics8040221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]],"date-time":"2019-11-13T09:11:27Z","timestamp":1573636287000},"page":"221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Photodynamic Inactivation of Candida albicans in Blood Plasma and Whole Blood"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Vera","family":"Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology &amp; CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana T. P. C.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology &amp; CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Am\u00e9rico","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Analysis Laboratory Avelab, Rua Cer\u00e2mica do Vouga, Aveiro 3800-011, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4423-3802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria A. F.","family":"Faustino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry &amp; QOPNA and LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7953-8166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria G. P. M. S.","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry &amp; QOPNA and LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8422-8664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adelaide","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology &amp; CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1463","article-title":"Oxygen transport by hemoglobin","volume":"2","author":"Weber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Optical Blood Use Project (2010). Manual Para Uso \u00d3ptimo do Sangue, Optical Blood Use Project."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Chiras, D.D. (2019). The Blood. Human Biology, Jones & Bartlett Learning."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"49","article-title":"Recommendations for the transfusion of red blood cells","volume":"7","author":"Liumbruno","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood Transfus."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc-2016-0217","article-title":"An effective and potentially safe blood disinfection protocol using tetrapyrrolic photosensitizers","volume":"9","author":"Marciel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Future Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2001.02701.x","article-title":"Guidelines for the clinical use of red cell transfusions","volume":"113","author":"Murphy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867023371355","article-title":"Pathogen inactivation in blood products","volume":"9","author":"Wainwright","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5049.144648","article-title":"Indications for blood and blood product transfusion","volume":"58","author":"Yaddanapudi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57S","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.27.9part2.57S","article-title":"Update on Transfusion Medicine","volume":"27","author":"Shander","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2006.07.005","article-title":"Phenothiazinium derivatives for pathogen inactivation in blood products","volume":"86","author":"Wainwright","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2006.10.002","article-title":"Pathogen-reduction systems for blood components: The current position and future trends","volume":"35","author":"Seghatchian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Transfus. Apher. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2014.12.016","article-title":"Development of blood transfusion product pathogen reduction treatments: A review of methods, current applications and demands","volume":"52","author":"Salunkhe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transfus. Apher. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-5-25","article-title":"Transfusion-transmitted infections","volume":"5","author":"Bihl","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12198","article-title":"Blood Service Medical Services Lookback Team. Infectivity of blood components from donors with occult hepatitis B infection\u2014Results from an Australian lookback programme","volume":"108","author":"Seed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vox Sang."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2003.1.575","article-title":"Bacterial Contamination of Blood Components: Risks, Strategies, and Regulation","volume":"2003","author":"Hillyer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. Soc. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.14036","article-title":"Prioritizing of bacterial infections transmitted through substances of human origin in Europe","volume":"57","author":"Cassini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/08998280.2018.1459397","article-title":"Pathogens transmitted in red blood cell transfusions: An up-to-date table","volume":"31","author":"Fred","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bayl. Univ. Med. Cent. Proc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2004.tb00086.x","article-title":"Photoinactivation of Hepatitis A Virus by Synthetic Porphyrins","volume":"80","author":"Casteel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2004). Guidelines on Viral Inactivation and Removal Procedures Intended to Assure the Viral Safety of Human Blood Plasma Products, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2010.02.028","article-title":"Denning for the Aspergillus Technology Consortium (AsTeC). Aspergillus DNA contamination in blood collection tubes","volume":"67","author":"Harrison","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-6247.67018","article-title":"Transfusion-transmitted parasitic infections","volume":"4","author":"Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asian J. Transfus. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lobo, C.A., Cursino-Santos, J.R., Alhassan, A., and Rodrigues, M. (2013). Babesia: An Emerging Infectious Threat in Transfusion Medicine. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003387"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"86","article-title":"Reduction of the risk of bacterial contamination of blood components through diversion of the first part of the donation of blood and blood components","volume":"7","author":"Liumbruno","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood Transfus."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.1.195-204.2005","article-title":"Bacterial Contamination of Blood Components","volume":"18","author":"Brecher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.2006.00884.x","article-title":"Normal levels of ADAMTS13 and factor H are present in the pharmaceutically licensed plasma for transfusion (Octaplas) and in the universally applicable plasma (Uniplas) in development","volume":"92","author":"Heger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vox Sang."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"84","article-title":"Viral safety of solvent\/detergent-treated plasma","volume":"40","author":"Solheim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood Compon."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1159\/000323552","article-title":"The Use of Solvent\/Detergent Treatment in Pathogen","volume":"38","author":"Hellstern","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transfus. Med. Hemother."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2015.07.004","article-title":"Current concepts in the prevention of pathogen transmission via blood\/plasma-derived products for bleeding disorders","volume":"30","author":"Perno","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/429780","article-title":"Environmental Contaminants in Hospital Settings and Progress in Disinfecting Techniques","volume":"2013","author":"Messina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1054\/blre.2000.0129","article-title":"Reducing the risk of infection from plasma products: Specific preventative strategies","volume":"14","author":"Burnouf","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00405","article-title":"Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for inactivation of biofilms formed by oral key pathogens","volume":"5","author":"Cieplik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2008.05.008","article-title":"Involvement of both Type I and Type II mechanisms in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria photosensitization by a meso-substituted cationic porphyrin","volume":"82","author":"Ergaieg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-8545(02)00034-6","article-title":"Photosensitized singlet oxygen and its applications","volume":"233","author":"DeRosa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1159\/000365646","article-title":"Pathogen inactivation technologies for cellular blood components: An update","volume":"41","author":"Schlenke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transfus. Med. Hemother."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00352-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00352-18","article-title":"Transfusion-Transmitted Infections: An Update on Product Screening, Diagnostic Techniques, and the Path Ahead","volume":"56","author":"Dean","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2013.08.001","article-title":"Plasma Treated with Methylene Blue and Light: Clinical Efficacy and Safety Profile","volume":"27","author":"Lozano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transfus. Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2008.05.003","article-title":"Pathogen reduction of blood components","volume":"39","author":"Solheim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transfus. Apher. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2010007500141","article-title":"Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) for the treatment of malaria, leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis","volume":"44","author":"Baptista","year":"2011","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1993.33193142306.x","article-title":"Red cell alterations associated with virucidal methylene blue phototreatment","volume":"33","author":"Wagner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.5858\/2007-131-719-PITDSF","article-title":"The Definitive Safeguard for the Blood Supply","volume":"131","author":"Bryant","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2003.00483.x","article-title":"Methylene blue-treated fresh-frozen plasma: What is its contribution to blood safety?","volume":"43","author":"Williamson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2008.07292.x","article-title":"Methylene blue-photoinactivated plasma versus quarantine fresh frozen plasma in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: A multicentric, prospective cohort study","volume":"143","author":"Muncunill","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2005.00583.x","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy and safety of red blood cells treated with a chemical process (S-303) for pathogen inactivation: A Phase III clinical trial in cardiac surgery patients","volume":"45","author":"Benjamin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12500","article-title":"Red blood cell concentrates treated with the amustaline (S-303) pathogen reduction system and stored for 35 days retain post-transfusion viability: Results of a two-centre study","volume":"112","author":"Cancelas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vox Sang."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almeida, A., Cunha, A., Faustino, M.A., Tom\u00e9, A.C., and Neves, M.G. (2011). Porphyrins as Antimicrobial Photosensitizing Agents. Photodynamic Inactivation of Microbial Pathogens: Medical and Environmental Applications, Royal Society of Chemistry.","DOI":"10.1039\/9781849733083-00083"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc.15.59","article-title":"Photodynamic inactivation of bacteria: Finding the effective targets","volume":"7","author":"Almeida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"583","article-title":"The Fungus Candida albicans Tolerates Ambiguity at Multiple Codons","volume":"7","author":"Bezerra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P237","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9657","article-title":"Blood transfusions: An independent risk factor for the development of Candida infections in critically ill surgical patients","volume":"15","author":"Burghi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1177\/1757177418759744","article-title":"Candida autovaccination: A new strategy to prevent antifungal resistance?","volume":"19","author":"Troiano","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Prev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(02)00002-1","article-title":"Candida biofilms and their role in infection","volume":"11","author":"Douglas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204237","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/204237","article-title":"Candida Infections, Causes, Targets, and Resistance Mechanisms: Traditional and Alternative Antifungal Agents","volume":"2013","author":"Spampinato","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2009.05.004","article-title":"Fungal metabolism in host niches","volume":"12","author":"Brock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2016.02.027","article-title":"Effect of photodynamic therapy with two photosensitizers on Candida albicans","volume":"158","author":"Azizi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1142\/S1088424619500408","article-title":"Advances in aPDT based on the combination of a porphyrinic formulation with potassium iodide: Effectiveness on bacteria and fungi planktonic\/biofilm forms and viruses","volume":"23","author":"Vieira","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Porphyr. Phthalocyanines"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-016-1876-0","article-title":"Action of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on heterotypic biofilm: Candida albicans and Bacillus atrophaeus","volume":"31","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2019.06.010","article-title":"Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy reduces adhesion capacity and biofilm formation of Candida albicans from induced oral candidiasis in mice","volume":"27","author":"Carmello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1987.tb04834.x","article-title":"Role of specific cellular targets in the hematoporphy rin-sensitized photoinactivation of microbial cells","volume":"46","author":"Bertoloni","year":"1987","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.6.2000-2006.2004","article-title":"Susceptibility of Candida Species to Photodynamic Effects of Photofrin","volume":"48","author":"Bliss","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4288","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.10.4288-4295.2005","article-title":"Sensitivity of Candida albicans Germ Tubes and Biofilms to Photofrin-Mediated Phototoxicity","volume":"49","author":"Foster","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1142\/S1088424603000926","article-title":"The antimicrobial properties of new synthetic porphyrins","volume":"7","author":"Philippova","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Porphyr. Phthalocyanines"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2008.11.030","article-title":"Study on the synthesis and antimicrobial activity of novel cationic porphyrins","volume":"20","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2010.04.001","article-title":"The photodynamic activity of a novel porphyrin derivative bearing a fluconazole structure in different media and against Candida albicans","volume":"87","author":"Mora","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dyes Pigments"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1039\/b315629j","article-title":"In vitro effect of 5-aminolaevulinic acid plus visible light on Candida albicans","volume":"3","author":"Monfrecola","year":"2003","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02665","article-title":"An Insight into the Potentiation Effect of Potassium Iodide on aPDT Efficacy","volume":"9","author":"Vieira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc-2018-0010","article-title":"An efficient formulation based on cationic porphyrins to photoinactivate Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli","volume":"10","author":"Marciel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-018-2913-y","article-title":"Photoinactivation of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae in kiwifruit plants by cationic porphyrins","volume":"248","author":"Martins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(03)00085-9","article-title":"Management and outcome of bloodstream infections due to Candida species in England and Wales","volume":"54","author":"Kibbler","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00498","article-title":"Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy against Endodontic Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans Mono and Mixed Biofilms in the Presence of Photosensitizers: A Comparative Study with Classical Endodontic Irrigants","volume":"8","author":"Diogo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2018.01.013","article-title":"Effect of aPDT on Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans present in the dental biofilm: Systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Fumes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-009-0059-0","article-title":"The photodynamic effect of methylene blue and toluidine blue on Candida albicans is dependent on medium conditions","volume":"47","author":"Carvalho","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2019.04.026","article-title":"Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (PACT) using methylene blue inhibits the viability of the biofilm produced by Candida albicans","volume":"26","author":"Leonel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2014.193","article-title":"Johan Groeneveld. The case for 0.9% NaCl: Is the undefendable, defensible?","volume":"86","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2014.05.016","article-title":"A new insight on nanomagnet\u2013porphyrin hybrids for photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms","volume":"110","author":"Alves","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dyes Pigments"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2015.07.031","article-title":"Photodynamic inactivation of Escherichia coli with cationic meso-tetraarylporphyrins\u2014The charge number and charge distribution effects","volume":"266","author":"Gomes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12311","article-title":"Chemical and Biological Mechanisms of Pathogen Reduction Technologies","volume":"90","author":"Mundt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"99","article-title":"Haematology and Erythrocyte Osmotic Fragility Indices in Domestic Chicken Following Exposure to a Polyvalent Iodophorous Disinfectant","volume":"5","author":"Azeez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jordan J. Biol. Sci."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/8\/4\/221\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:34:03Z","timestamp":1760189643000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/8\/4\/221"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics8040221"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics8040221","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]]}}}