{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:44:10Z","timestamp":1772498650214,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]],"date-time":"2020-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance is one of today\u2019s major public health challenges. Infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria have been responsible for an increasing number of deaths in recent decades. These resistant bacteria are also a concern in the food chain, as bacteria can resist common biocides used in the food industry and reach consumers. As a consequence, the search for alternatives to common antimicrobials by the scientific community has intensified. Substances obtained from nature have shown great potential as new sources of antimicrobial activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of five bee venoms, also called apitoxins, against two common foodborne pathogens. A total of 50 strains of the Gram-negative pathogen Salmonella enterica and 8 strains of the Gram-positive pathogen Listeria monocytogenes were tested. The results show that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were highly influenced by the bacterial genus. The MIC values ranged from 256 to 1024 \u00b5g\/mL in S. enterica and from 16 to 32 \u00b5g\/mL in L. monocytogenes. The results of this study demonstrate that apitoxin is a potential alternative agent against common foodborne pathogens, and it can be included in the development of new models to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the food chain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9070367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]],"date-time":"2020-06-30T14:24:24Z","timestamp":1593527064000},"page":"367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Antimicrobial Activity of Five Apitoxins from Apis mellifera on Two Common Foodborne Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7283-9372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Lamas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Higiene Inspecci\u00f3n y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Anal\u00edtica, Nutrici\u00f3n y Bromatolog\u00eda, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Vicente","family":"Arteaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda, Escuela de Ciencias Agr\u00edcolas y Ambientales (ECAA) Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Ecuador, Sede Ibarra, Ibarra 100112, Ecuador"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1584-9931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Regal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Higiene Inspecci\u00f3n y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Anal\u00edtica, Nutrici\u00f3n y Bromatolog\u00eda, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9305-0151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Higiene Inspecci\u00f3n y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Anal\u00edtica, Nutrici\u00f3n y Bromatolog\u00eda, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7992-1491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Higiene Inspecci\u00f3n y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Anal\u00edtica, Nutrici\u00f3n y Bromatolog\u00eda, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Cepeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Higiene Inspecci\u00f3n y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Anal\u00edtica, Nutrici\u00f3n y Bromatolog\u00eda, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8823-5522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Manuel","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Higiene Inspecci\u00f3n y Control de Alimentos, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Anal\u00edtica, Nutrici\u00f3n y Bromatolog\u00eda, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.11.010","article-title":"Antibiotic discovery: History, methods and perspectives","volume":"53","author":"Durand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. 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