{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T06:27:30Z","timestamp":1762928850090,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,24]],"date-time":"2020-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT) and by Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER) under the scope of PORTUGAL 2020 and Programa Operacional do Centro (CENTRO 2020)","award":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/149360\/2019","Scientific Employment in the scientific area of Microbiology"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/149360\/2019","Scientific Employment in the scientific area of Microbiology"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities MICINN, co-funded by European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)","award":["RTI2018-095166-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-095166-B-I00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ayahuasca is a psychoactive beverage, originally consumed by indigenous Amazon tribes, of which consumption has been increasing worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical profile, as well as the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties of decoctions of four individual plants, a commercial mixture and four mixtures of two individual plants used in the Ayahuasca preparation. For this purpose, a phytochemical characterization was performed, determining the content of flavonoids, total phenolic compounds, and analyzing the phenolic profile. Besides, 48 secondary metabolites were investigated by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q\/TOF-MS) and their concentration estimated with real standards when present. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by both the \u03b2-carotene bleaching test and DPPH free radical scavenging assay, and the anti-inflammatory activity was determined by a protein denaturation method. Finally, the antimicrobial properties were evaluated using the disc diffusion assay, resazurin microtiter method, anti-quorum sensing and anti-biofilm activity assays. The obtained results showed that, in general, the samples have a high content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids with noticeable differences, reflecting on remarkable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Significant antimicrobial properties were also observed, with emphasis on the effect of B. caapi and P. harmala on planktonic and biofilm cells of A. baumannii, inhibiting both the biofilm formation and the production of violacein pigment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9110731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]],"date-time":"2020-10-26T02:34:54Z","timestamp":1603679694000},"page":"731","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Ayahuasca Beverages: Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Properties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Joana","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, UBI Medical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0712-6522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c2ngelo","family":"Lu\u00eds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, UBI Medical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Gradillas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMBIO, Center for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMBIO, Center for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Restolho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00e1s","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C\u00e1tedra de Toxicolog\u00eda y Qu\u00edmica Legal, Laboratorio de Asesoramiento Toxicol\u00f3gico Anal\u00edtico (CENATOXA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioqu\u00edmica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Jun\u00edn 956, C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9540-0853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda","family":"Domingues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1802-8998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenia","family":"Gallardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, UBI Medical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3333-5977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de F\u00e1rmaco-Toxicologia, UBI Medical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,24]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sim\u00e3o, A.Y., Gon\u00e7alves, J., Duarte, A.P., Barroso, M., Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o, A.C., and Gallardo, E. (2019). Toxicological Aspects and Determination of the Main Components of Ayahuasca: A Critical Review. Medicines, 6.","key":"ref_1","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines6040106"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s13659-019-0210-5","article-title":"Ayahuasca: Uses, Phytochemical and Biological Activities","volume":"9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. 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