{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T18:31:11Z","timestamp":1771525871740,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]],"date-time":"2022-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/05748\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05748\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/05748\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05748\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04050\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04050\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04046\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04046\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PCIF\/GVB\/0150\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCIF\/GVB\/0150\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029818"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028165"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/BIA-FBT\/28165\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BIA-FBT\/28165\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020\/07826\/BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/07826\/BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/143268\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/143268\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/115643\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/115643\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CCRN - Comiss\u00e3o de Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o da Regi\u00e3o Norte","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000041"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Currently, salinity and heat are two critical threats to crop production and food security which are being aggravated by the global climatic instability. In this scenario, it is imperative to understand plant responses to simultaneous exposure to different stressors and the cross-talk between underlying functional mechanisms. Thus, in this study, the physiological and biochemical responses of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) to the combination of salinity (100 mM NaCl) and heat (42 \u00b0C; 4 h\/day) stress were evaluated. After 21 days of co-exposure, the accumulation of Na+ in plant tissues was superior when salt-treated plants were also exposed to high temperatures compared to the individual saline treatment, leading to the depletion of other nutrients and a harsher negative effect on plant growth. Despite that, neither oxidative damage nor a major accumulation of reactive oxygen species took place under stress conditions, mostly due to the accumulation of antioxidant (AOX) metabolites alongside the activation of several AOX enzymes. Nonetheless, the plausible allocation of resources towards the defense pathways related to oxidative and osmotic stress, along with severe Na toxicity, heavily compromised the ability of plants to grow properly when the combination of salinity and heat was imposed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11030478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]],"date-time":"2022-02-28T20:09:57Z","timestamp":1646078997000},"page":"478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Impact of Combined Heat and Salt Stresses on Tomato Plants\u2014Insights into Nutrient Uptake and Redox Homeostasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4450-3596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GreenUPorto-Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre & INOV4AGRO, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0757-929X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisca","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GreenUPorto-Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre & INOV4AGRO, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Biology Department and CBMA-Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3330-2024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiano","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GreenUPorto-Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre & INOV4AGRO, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GreenUPorto-Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre & INOV4AGRO, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3709-7478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Azenha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIQ-UP, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1385-4799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Lino-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department and CBMA-Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4129-6381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Integrative Biology and Biotechnology (IB2), Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0822-8248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department and CBMA-Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7756-5243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda","family":"Fidalgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GreenUPorto-Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre & INOV4AGRO, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s\/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoforum.2018.02.030","article-title":"Food security: The challenge of the present","volume":"91","author":"Prosekov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geoforum"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2021, June 29). FAO How to Feed the World in 2050. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/fileadmin\/templates\/wsfs\/docs\/expert_paper\/How_to_Feed_the_World_in_2050.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.agron.2014.12.002","article-title":"Chapter Two-Climate-Change Effects on Soils: Accelerated Weathering, Soil Carbon, and Elemental Cycling","volume":"131","author":"Sparks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Advances in Agronomy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-010-0328-z","article-title":"The opening of Pandora\u2019s Box: Climate change impacts on soil fertility and crop nutrition in developing countries","volume":"335","author":"Lynch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.08.177","article-title":"The threat of soil salinity: A European scale review","volume":"573","author":"Daliakopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2012.11.055","article-title":"Impact of climate change on water resources status: A case study for Crete Island, Greece","volume":"479","author":"Koutroulis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3251","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1222475110","article-title":"Global water resources affected by human interventions and climate change","volume":"111","author":"Haddeland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-020-05472-3","article-title":"Future surface temperature changes for the Iberian Peninsula according to EURO-CORDEX climate projections","volume":"56","author":"Carvalho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2007.05.011","article-title":"Heat tolerance in plants: An overview","volume":"61","author":"Wahid","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4056","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3739-1","article-title":"Effect of salinity stress on plants and its tolerance strategies: A review","volume":"22","author":"Parihar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.00080","article-title":"Plant Salinity Stress: Many Unanswered Questions Remain","volume":"10","author":"Isayenkov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2018.12.009","article-title":"Plants facing oxidative challenges\u2014A little help from the antioxidant networks","volume":"161","author":"Soares","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12797","article-title":"Abiotic and biotic stress combinations","volume":"203","author":"Suzuki","year":"2014","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, R., Yu, X., Ottosen, C.O., Rosenqvist, E., Zhao, L., Wang, Y., Yu, W., Zhao, T., and Wu, Z. (2017). Drought stress had a predominant effect over heat stress on three tomato cultivars subjected to combined stress. BMC Plant Biol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-017-0974-x"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-014-2309-0","article-title":"Metabolic response of maize (Zea mays L.) plants to combined drought and salt stress","volume":"388","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.103.033431","article-title":"When Defense Pathways Collide. The Response of Arabidopsis to a Combination of Drought and Heat Stress","volume":"134","author":"Rizhsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2015.01123","article-title":"Physiological and Metabolic Changes of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) in Response to Drought, Heat, and Combined Stresses","volume":"6","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suzuki, N., Bassil, E., Hamilton, J.S., Inupakutika, M.A., Zandalinas, S.I., Tripathy, D., Luo, Y., Dion, E., Fukui, G., and Kumazaki, A. (2016). ABA Is Required for Plant Acclimation to a Combination of Salt and Heat Stress. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147625"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2011.03.018","article-title":"The combined effect of salt stress and heat shock on proteome profiling in Suaeda salsa","volume":"168","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2020.104351","article-title":"Synchronization of proline, ascorbate and oxidative stress pathways under the combination of salinity and heat in tomato plants","volume":"183","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.12199","article-title":"The combined effect of salinity and heat reveals a specific physiological, biochemical and molecular response in tomato plants","volume":"37","author":"Rivero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant. Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1134\/S1021443710040096","article-title":"Modified responses of root growth and reactive oxygen species-scavenging system to combined salt and heat stress in transgenic rice","volume":"57","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Russ. J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.1962.tb08052.x","article-title":"A Revised Medium for Rapid Growth and Bio Assays with Tobacco Tissue Cultures","volume":"15","author":"Murashige","year":"1962","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006846504261","article-title":"Effects of NaCl on photosynthetic pigments, saccharides, and chloroplast ultrastructure in leaves of tomato cultivars","volume":"35","author":"Mostofi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Photosynthetica"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1080\/01904167.2019.1659324","article-title":"Effect of salt stress on tomato plant and the role of calcium","volume":"43","author":"Tanveer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2005.09.012","article-title":"NaCl stress effects on enzymes involved in nitrogen assimilation pathway in tomato \u201cLycopersicon esculentum\u201d seedlings","volume":"163","author":"Debouba","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Ayers, R.S., and Westcot, D.W. (1985). Water Quality for Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, A., Thakur, S., Kumar, V., Kesavan, A.K., Thukral, A.K., and Bhardwaj, R. (2017). 24-epibrassinolide stimulates imidacloprid detoxification by modulating the gene expression of Brassica juncea L.. BMC Plant Biol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-017-1003-9"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2013.07.006","article-title":"Metalaxyl-induced changes in the antioxidant metabolism of Solanum nigrum L. suspension cells","volume":"107","author":"Teixeira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(68)90654-1","article-title":"Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts: I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation","volume":"125","author":"Heath","year":"1968","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00018060","article-title":"Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies","volume":"39","author":"Bates","year":"1973","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.101","article-title":"Measurement of reduced, oxidized and total ascorbate content in plants","volume":"2","author":"Gillespie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.01.063","article-title":"Is soil contamination by a glyphosate commercial formulation truly harmless to non-target plants?\u2013Evaluation of oxidative damage and antioxidant responses in tomato","volume":"247","author":"Soares","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcp012","article-title":"Proteomic identification of small, copper-responsive proteins in germinating embryos of Oryza sativa","volume":"103","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2011.04.007","article-title":"Solanum nigrum L. antioxidant defence system isozymes are regulated transcriptionally and posttranslationally in Cd-induced stress","volume":"72","author":"Fidalgo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.113.1.249","article-title":"Responses of Antioxidants to Paraquat in Pea Leaves (Relationships to Resistance)","volume":"113","author":"Donahue","year":"1997","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(84)05016-3","article-title":"Catalase in vitro","volume":"105","author":"Aebi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"867","article-title":"Hydrogen Peroxide is Scavenged by Ascorbate-specific Peroxidase in Spinach Chloroplasts","volume":"22","author":"Nakano","year":"1981","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2008.07.020","article-title":"Microplate quantification of enzymes of the plant ascorbate\u2013glutathione cycle","volume":"383","author":"Murshed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00386001","article-title":"The presence of glutathione and glutathione reductase in chloroplasts: A proposed role in ascorbic acid metabolism","volume":"133","author":"Foyer","year":"1976","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2004.01.024","article-title":"Exposure of the shaded side of apple fruit to full sun leads to up-regulation of both the xanthophyll cycle and the ascorbate\u2013glutathione cycle","volume":"166","author":"Ma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez, J.A. (2019). Salinity Tolerance in Plants: Trends and Perspectives. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20102408"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"211","article-title":"Heat stress in cultivated plants: Nature, impact, mechanisms, and mitigation strategies\u2014A review","volume":"155","author":"Hassan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Biosyst.- Int. J. Deal. Asp. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.15835\/nsb315627","article-title":"Effect of Salinity on Growth, Xylem Structure and Anatomical Characteristics of Soybean","volume":"3","author":"Dolatabadian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Not. Sci. Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erq422","article-title":"Additive effects of Na+ and Cl\u2212 ions on barley growth under salinity stress","volume":"62","author":"Tavakkoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"85","article-title":"Performance of four irrigated rice varieties under different levels of salinity stress","volume":"6","author":"Hasanuzzaman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Integr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"2694","article-title":"Salt-induced changes in photosynthetic activity and oxidative defense system of three cultivars of mustard (Brassica juncea L.)","volume":"11","author":"Ahmad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erh113","article-title":"Salinity up-regulates the antioxidative system in root mitochondria and peroxisomes of the wild salt-tolerant tomato species Lycopersicon pennellii","volume":"55","author":"Mittova","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"701596","article-title":"Mechanism of Salinity Tolerance in Plants: Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Characterization","volume":"2014","author":"Gupta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Genom."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1080\/01904167.2016.1246567","article-title":"Growth and nutrient uptake of tomato in response to application of saline water, biological fertilizer, and surfactant","volume":"40","author":"Chaichi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2005.12.007","article-title":"The effects of calcium sulphate on growth, membrane stability and nutrient uptake of tomato plants grown under salt stress","volume":"59","author":"Tuna","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., M\u00f8ller, I.M., and Murphy, A. (2015). Plant Physiology and Development, Sinauer Associates Incorporated. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.114.124628","article-title":"Arabidopsis Transporter MGT6 Mediates Magnesium Uptake and Is Required for Growth under Magnesium Limitation","volume":"26","author":"Mao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Sigel, H., and Sigel, A. (1990). Metal Ions in Biological Systems: Volume 26: Compendium on Magnesium and Its Role in Biology: Nutrition and Physiology, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3923\/ijb.2011.73.81","article-title":"Effect of salinity stress on growth, sugar content, pigments and enzyme activity of rice","volume":"7","author":"Amirjani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BIOP.0000024279.44013.61","article-title":"Thermotolerance of pearl millet and maize at early growth stages: Growth and nutrient relations","volume":"48","author":"Ashraf","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"40","article-title":"High temperature and salt stress response in French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)","volume":"2","author":"Devaraj","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aust. J. Crop. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1590\/S1677-04202009000300003","article-title":"Growth of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in response to salicylic acid under high-temperature stress","volume":"21","author":"Hayat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Braz. J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giri, A., Heckathorn, S., Mishra, S., and Krause, C. (2017). Heat Stress Decreases Levels of Nutrient-Uptake and -Assimilation Proteins in Tomato Roots. Plants, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants6010006"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/jac.12495","article-title":"Heat stress lowers yields, alters nutrient uptake and changes seed quality in quinoa grown under Mediterranean field conditions","volume":"207","author":"Cruz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agron. Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9643","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14059643","article-title":"Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Mechanisms of Heat Stress Tolerance in Plants","volume":"14","author":"Hasanuzzaman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.2134\/jnrlse.2005.0123","article-title":"Transpiration: Water Movement through Plants","volume":"34","author":"Sterling","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nat. Resour. Life Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erz066","article-title":"SnRK1 and TOR: Modulating growth\u2013defense trade-offs in plant stress responses","volume":"70","author":"Margalha","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2004.07.039","article-title":"Proline as a measure of stress in tomato plants","volume":"168","author":"Claussen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2007.02.010","article-title":"Salinity tolerance of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is achieved by enhanced antioxidative system, lower level of lipid peroxidation and proline accumulation","volume":"61","author":"Yazici","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1134\/S1021443710040084","article-title":"Antioxidant defense system, lipid peroxidation, proline-metabolizing enzymes, and biochemical activities in two Morus alba genotypes subjected to NaCl stress","volume":"57","author":"Ahmad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Russ. J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2016.11.003","article-title":"Drought and salinity stress alters ROS accumulation, water retention, and osmolyte content in sorghum plants","volume":"108","author":"Nxele","year":"2017","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flora.2012.03.004","article-title":"Growth stage-based modulation in antioxidant defense system and proline accumulation in two hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars differing in salinity tolerance","volume":"207","author":"Ashraf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Flora-Morphol. Distrib. Funct. Ecol. Plants"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7348.2004.tb00374.x","article-title":"Effects of long-term salt stress on antioxidant defence systems, leaf water relations and chloroplast ultrastructure of potato plants","volume":"145","author":"Fidalgo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Appl. Biol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"plw055","DOI":"10.1093\/aobpla\/plw055","article-title":"Effect of salt stress on ion concentration, proline content, antioxidant enzyme activities and gene expression in tomato cultivars","volume":"8","author":"Gharsallah","year":"2016","journal-title":"AoB Plants"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15835\/nbha4319793","article-title":"Effects of Salt and Water Stress on Plant Growth and on Accumulation of Osmolytes and Antioxidant Compounds in Cherry Tomato","volume":"43","author":"Vicente","year":"2015","journal-title":"Not. Bot. Horti Agrobot. Cluj-Napoca"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.5074","article-title":"Proline mechanisms of stress survival","volume":"19","author":"Liang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.49.1.249","article-title":"ASCORBATE AND GLUTATHIONE: Keeping Active Oxygen Under Control","volume":"49","author":"Noctor","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-007-0093-7","article-title":"Alterations in root lipid peroxidation and antioxidative responses in two rice cultivars under NaCl-salinity stress","volume":"30","author":"Khan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00709-011-0365-3","article-title":"Differential responses of antioxidative defense system to prolonged salinity stress in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive Indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings","volume":"250","author":"Mishra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Protoplasma"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-011-8958-4","article-title":"Selenium-Induced Up-Regulation of the Antioxidant Defense and Methylglyoxal Detoxification System Reduces Salinity-Induced Damage in Rapeseed Seedlings","volume":"143","author":"Hasanuzzaman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahanger, M.A., Aziz, U., Alsahli, A.A., Alyemeni, M.N., and Ahmad, P. (2020). Influence of Exogenous Salicylic Acid and Nitric Oxide on Growth, Photosynthesis, and Ascorbate-Glutathione Cycle in Salt Stressed Vigna angularis. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10010042"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2017.05.016","article-title":"Study of phytohormone profile and oxidative metabolism as key process to identification of salinity response in tomato commercial genotypes","volume":"216","author":"Albacete","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1134\/S1021443718060079","article-title":"Piriformospora indica Alleviates Salinity by Boosting Redox Poise and Antioxidative Potential of Tomato","volume":"65","author":"Ghorbani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Russ. J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7405","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14047405","article-title":"A Central Role for Thiols in Plant Tolerance to Abiotic Stress","volume":"14","author":"Zagorchev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcl106","article-title":"Proteome Profiling of Populus euphratica Oliv. Upon Heat Stress","volume":"98","author":"Ferreira","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3369","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200700266","article-title":"A proteomic approach in analyzing heat-responsive proteins in rice leaves","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2016.08.011","article-title":"Response of osmotic adjustment and ascorbate-glutathione cycle to heat stress in a heat-sensitive and a heat-tolerant genotype of wucai (Brassica campestris L.)","volume":"211","author":"Zou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1080\/14620316.2004.11511805","article-title":"Oxidative metabolism in tomato plants subjected to heat stress","volume":"79","author":"Rivero","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3054.1998.1040204.x","article-title":"The effect of salt stress on lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in the leaf of the cultivated tomato and its wild salt-tolerant relative Lycopersicon pennellii","volume":"104","author":"Shalata","year":"1998","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"433","article-title":"Exogenous nitric oxide (NO) ameliorates salinity-induced oxidative stress in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants","volume":"14","author":"Manai","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2019.09.021","article-title":"Spermine application alleviates salinity induced growth and photosynthetic inhibition in Solanum lycopersicum by modulating osmolyte and secondary metabolite accumulation and differentially regulating antioxidant metabolism","volume":"144","author":"Ahanger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci2000.402503x","article-title":"Heat Stress Injury in Relation to Membrane Lipid Peroxidation in Creeping Bentgrass","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10725-009-9414-8","article-title":"Polyamine catabolism influences antioxidative defense mechanism in shoots and roots of five wheat genotypes under high temperature stress","volume":"60","author":"Goyal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-016-2246-z","article-title":"Comparative response of two wucai (Brassica campestris L.) genotypes to heat stress on antioxidative system and cell ultrastructure in root","volume":"38","author":"Yuan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2010.09.009","article-title":"Selenium protects sorghum leaves from oxidative damage under high temperature stress by enhancing antioxidant defense system","volume":"48","author":"Djanaguiraman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.2005.01327.x","article-title":"Oxidant and antioxidant signalling in plants: A re-evaluation of the concept of oxidative stress in a physiological context","volume":"28","author":"Foyer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34197","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M806337200","article-title":"Ascorbate peroxidase 1 plays a key role in the response of Arabidopsis thaliana to stress combination","volume":"283","author":"Koussevitzky","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5381","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erw299","article-title":"ABA is required for the accumulation of APX1 and MBF1c during a combination of water deficit and heat stress","volume":"67","author":"Zandalinas","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/11\/3\/478\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:29:14Z","timestamp":1760135354000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/11\/3\/478"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox11030478"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox11030478","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]]}}}