{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T03:43:52Z","timestamp":1772250232524,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":318,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]],"date-time":"2022-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oxidative stress is defined as an unbalance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants, as evidenced by an increase in reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species production over time. It is important in the pathophysiology of retinal disorders such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinal detachment, and proliferative vitreoretinopathy, which are the focus of this article. Although the human organism\u2019s defense mechanisms correct autoxidation caused by endogenous or exogenous factors, this may be insufficient, causing an imbalance in favor of excessive ROS production or a weakening of the endogenous antioxidant system, resulting in molecular and cellular damage. Furthermore, modern lifestyles and environmental factors contribute to increased chemical exposure and stress induction, resulting in oxidative stress. In this review, we discuss the current information about oxidative stress and the vitreous proteome with a special focus on vitreoretinal diseases. Additionally, we explore therapies using antioxidants in an attempt to rescue the body from oxidation, restore balance, and maximize healthy body function, as well as new investigational therapies that have shown significant therapeutic potential in preclinical studies and clinical trial outcomes, along with their goals and strategic approaches to combat oxidative stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11030505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]],"date-time":"2022-03-06T20:35:50Z","timestamp":1646598950000},"page":"505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Vitreous Humor Proteome: Targeting Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Neurodegeneration in Vitreoretinal Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4041-1504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1tima Milhano","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Unidad de Proteomica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnolog\u00eda, CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"C4-UBI, Cloud Computing Competence Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-501 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0667-0809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Mesquita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo","family":"Castro-de-Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar de Leiria, 2410-197 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5726-853X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Ciordia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Proteomica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnolog\u00eda, CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Paradela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Proteomica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnolog\u00eda, CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0927-2331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e2ndida Teixeira","family":"Tomaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"C4-UBI, Cloud Computing Competence Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-501 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sies, H. 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