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The physiological benefits often attributed to H2S, however, are likely a result of downstream, more oxidized forms of sulfur, collectively termed reactive sulfur species (RSS) and including the organic persulfide (RSSH). Here, we investigated the metabolic response of the commensal gut microorganism Enterococcus faecalis to exogenous Na2S as a proxy for H2S\/RSS toxicity. We found that exogenous sulfide increases protein abundance for enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of coenzyme A (CoA). Proteome S-sulfuration (persulfidation), a posttranslational modification implicated in H2S signal transduction, is also widespread in this organism and is significantly elevated by exogenous sulfide in CstR, the RSS sensor, coenzyme A persulfide (CoASSH) reductase (CoAPR) and enzymes associated with de novo fatty acid biosynthesis and acetyl-CoA synthesis. Exogenous sulfide significantly impacts the speciation of fatty acids as well as cellular concentrations of acetyl-CoA, suggesting that protein persulfidation may impact flux through these pathways. Indeed, CoASSH is an inhibitor of E. faecalis phosphotransacetylase (Pta), suggesting that an important metabolic consequence of increased levels of H2S\/RSS may be over-persulfidation of this key metabolite, which, in turn, inhibits CoA and acyl-CoA-utilizing enzymes. Our 2.05 \u00c5 crystallographic structure of CoA-bound CoAPR provides new structural insights into CoASSH clearance in E. faecalis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11081607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]],"date-time":"2022-08-21T21:05:51Z","timestamp":1661115951000},"page":"1607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Metabolic and Structural Insights into Hydrogen Sulfide Mis-Regulation in Enterococcus faecalis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Brenna J. C.","family":"Walsh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1360-1329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia Soares","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1282-9858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine A.","family":"Edmonds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA"}]},{"given":"Jonathan C.","family":"Trinidad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA"}]},{"given":"Federico M.","family":"Issoglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Qu\u00edmica Biol\u00f3gica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN)-CONICET and Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Biol\u00f3gica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8307-2282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"Giedroc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7003, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1209855","article-title":"H2S: A universal defense against antibiotics in bacteria","volume":"334","author":"Shatalin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00272-18","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00272-18","article-title":"H2S, a Bacterial Defense Mechanism against the Host Immune Response","volume":"87","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. 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