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Inflammation is a key component of the innate immune response in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and Parkinson\u2019s disease of which oxidative stress is an important hallmark. Immune dysregulation and mitochondrial dysfunction with concomitant reactive oxygen species accumulation have also been implicated in both diseases, both systemically and within the Central Nervous System. Mitochondria are a centrally positioned signalling hub for inflammatory responses and inflammatory cells can release reactive species at the site of inflammation often leading to exaggerated oxidative stress. A growing body of evidence suggests that disruption of normal gut microbiota composition may induce increased permeability of the gut barrier leading to chronic systemic inflammation, which may, in turn, impair the blood\u2013brain barrier function and promote neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. The gastrointestinal tract is constantly exposed to myriad exogenous substances and microbial pathogens, which are abundant sources of reactive oxygen species, oxidative damage and pro-inflammatory events. Several studies have demonstrated that microbial infections may also affect the balance in gut microbiota composition (involving oxidant and inflammatory processes by the host and indigenous microbiota) and influence downstream Alzheimer\u2019s disease and Parkinson\u2019s disease pathogenesis, in which blood\u2013brain barrier damage ultimately occurs. Therefore, the oxidant\/inflammatory insults triggered by a disrupted gut microbiota and chronic dysbiosis often lead to compromised gut barrier function, allowing inflammation to \u201cescape\u201d as well as uncontrolled immune responses that may ultimately disrupt mitochondrial function upwards the brain. Future therapeutic strategies should be designed to \u201crestrain\u201d gut inflammation, a goal that could ideally be attained by microbiota modulation strategies, in alternative to classic anti-inflammatory agents with unpredictable effects on the microbiota architecture itself.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11112141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]],"date-time":"2022-10-29T23:45:00Z","timestamp":1667087100000},"page":"2141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Neurodegenerative Microbially-Shaped Diseases: Oxidative Stress Meets Neuroinflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Diana Filipa","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC\u2014Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and CIBB\u2014Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"IIIUC\u2014Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8938-7560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Empadinhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC\u2014Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and CIBB\u2014Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"IIIUC\u2014Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2199-0555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra Morais","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC\u2014Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and CIBB\u2014Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8403-2015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Raquel","family":"Esteves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC\u2014Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and CIBB\u2014Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"IIIUC\u2014Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simpson, D.S.A., and Oliver, P.L. 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