{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T08:26:19Z","timestamp":1762071979529,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]],"date-time":"2022-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Sassari"},{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Copper (Cu) is a ubiquitous trace element in the aquatic environment, and is usually found at low levels. Copper environmental concentrations can be altered as a result anthropogenic activities. Shellfish are useful bioindicators to ensure adequate environmental monitoring. Thus, the aim of the present study was as follows: (a) determine the LC50 of copper(I) chloride in grooved carpet shell (Ruditapes decussatus) collected in the Santa Gilla lagoon (Sardinia, Italy), and (b) analyze the antioxidant biomarkers in digestive gland and gills of same specimens exposed to different concentrations of the above-mentioned metal (0.045, 0.45, and 0.90 mg\/L) for 96 h. A withdrawal period of 96 h was considered for the treated clam, carrying out the same biochemical analyses, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GPx), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), and total glutathione (GSH+2GSSG) in the two tissues. Different time and dose responses of the antioxidant biomarkers were recorded in the digestive glands and gills. Oxidative stress biomarkers highlighted the ability of Cu to induce oxidative stress in R. decussatus. Clam, following the withdrawal period of 96 h, has not been able to achieve the control levels of all biochemical markers in the digestive gland and gills. R. decussatus can be a suitable model to assess the ecotoxicity of copper in aquatic ecosystems. These findings may advance knowledge on the role and the effects of copper on oxidative stress biomarkers in grooved carpet shell. The metal ecotoxicity response can be useful to perform accurate biomarker-based monitoring programs using this bivalve species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11112148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]],"date-time":"2022-10-30T04:57:34Z","timestamp":1667105854000},"page":"2148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Ecotoxicity of Copper(I) Chloride in Grooved Carpet Shell (Ruditapes decussatus)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6665-2712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Esposito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d\u2019Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0585-1168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Pastorino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d\u2019Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2847-6006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marino","family":"Prearo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d\u2019Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Magara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4637-8669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Cesarani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4900-3897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Caldaroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0423-4635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Meloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4370-8423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Pais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Dondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d\u2019Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Antuofermo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7750-6339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonia Concetta","family":"Elia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1998). 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