{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]],"date-time":"2026-04-05T01:31:03Z","timestamp":1775352663854,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]],"date-time":"2022-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["2020.06297. BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.06297. BD"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["CEECIND\/01011\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01011\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["CEEC Institutional"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEEC Institutional"]}]},{"name":"national funds FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"]}]},{"name":"national funds FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["2020.06297. BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.06297. BD"]}]},{"name":"national funds FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["CEECIND\/01011\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01011\/2018"]}]},{"name":"national funds FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["CEEC Institutional"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEEC Institutional"]}]},{"name":"CIMO","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CIMO","award":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CIMO","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"]}]},{"name":"CIMO","award":["2020.06297. BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.06297. BD"]}]},{"name":"CIMO","award":["CEECIND\/01011\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01011\/2018"]}]},{"name":"CIMO","award":["CEEC Institutional"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEEC Institutional"]}]},{"name":"SusTEC","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"SusTEC","award":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"SusTEC","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"]}]},{"name":"SusTEC","award":["2020.06297. BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.06297. BD"]}]},{"name":"SusTEC","award":["CEECIND\/01011\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01011\/2018"]}]},{"name":"SusTEC","award":["CEEC Institutional"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEEC Institutional"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["2020.06297. BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.06297. BD"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["CEECIND\/01011\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01011\/2018"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["CEEC Institutional"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEEC Institutional"]}]},{"name":"research contracts","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"research contracts","award":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"research contracts","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"]}]},{"name":"research contracts","award":["2020.06297. BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.06297. BD"]}]},{"name":"research contracts","award":["CEECIND\/01011\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01011\/2018"]}]},{"name":"research contracts","award":["CEEC Institutional"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEEC Institutional"]}]},{"name":"research contracts","award":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"research contracts","award":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00690\/2020"]}]},{"name":"research contracts","award":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0007\/2021"]}]},{"name":"research contracts","award":["2020.06297. BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.06297. BD"]}]},{"name":"research contracts","award":["CEECIND\/01011\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/01011\/2018"]}]},{"name":"research contracts","award":["CEEC Institutional"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEEC Institutional"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The nutritional profiles of common and lemon verbena leaves were analyzed (proximate constituents, free sugars, organic acids, tocopherols, and fatty acids) and the leaves were prepared in hydromethanolic and aqueous (decoctions and infusions) extracts. The phenolic compound composition and antioxidant activity (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH); 2,2\u2032-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP); and cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assays) of the extracts were characterized. The nutritional composition varied between the studied species, with lemon verbena showing higher amounts of protein, ash, and fat than common verbena, whereas the opposite trend was recorded for the dietary fiber content. The main free sugars detected in both species were fructose, glucose, and sucrose, which were present in higher amounts in the common verbena samples. Succinic acid was the most abundant organic acid in both species while high amounts of oxalic acid were detected in lemon verbena. The main fatty acids in both species were \u03b1-linolenic, palmitic, and linoleic acid. Regarding the phenolic compound content, the extracts of lemon verbena presented higher amounts of total phenolic compounds (TPCs), total flavonoids (TFs) and total phenolic acids (TPAs) than the common verbena extracts while the aqueous extracts (infusions and decoctions) were richer in TPCs, TFs, and TPAs than the hydromethanolic ones in both species. Nine phenolic compounds were identified and quantified, including seven phenolic acids and two flavonoids. The lemon verbena samples were characterized by higher antioxidant activity compared to the common verbena samples while the aqueous extracts showed higher antioxidant efficacy than the hydromethanolic ones. In conclusion, both species showed promising results in terms of the nutritional value, chemical composition, and antioxidant activities, which were positively correlated with the phenolic compound contents. Moreover, the extraction protocol may affect the chemical composition and bioactive properties of both species, with aqueous extracts showing better results than hydromethanolic ones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11112247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]],"date-time":"2022-11-15T02:28:58Z","timestamp":1668479338000},"page":"2247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Common and Lemon Verbena"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Milena","family":"Polumackanycz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0324-7960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spyridon Alexandros","family":"Petropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Street, 38446 Volos, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2835-5079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikel","family":"A\u00f1ibarro-Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7523-1637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Pinela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9050-5189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lillian","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Plenis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4398-1780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Viapiana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hermed.2019.100305","article-title":"Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants traded in herbal markets in the Peloponnisos, Greece","volume":"19","author":"Petrakou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5939","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO01473J","article-title":"Function infusions and their mixtures with bioactive properties","volume":"10","author":"Caleja","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"388","article-title":"Survey on polyphenols, antioxidant activity and genotoxicity on argentinean species of Lippia and Aloysia (Verbenaceae)","volume":"9","author":"Ricco","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bol. Latinoam. y del Caribe Plantas Med. y Aromat."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.04.021","article-title":"Aloysia citrodora Pal\u00e1u (Lemon verbena): A review of phytochemistry and pharmacology","volume":"222","author":"Bahramsoltani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.15562\/phytomedicine.2020.114","article-title":"Traditional uses, Physical properties, Phytochemistry and Bioactivity of Lippia multiflora Moldenke (Verbenaceae): A Mini-review","volume":"7","author":"Mpiana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Discov. Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2007.03.011","article-title":"Antioxidant properties in vitro and total phenolic contents in methanol extracts from medicinal plants","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandim, F., Petropoulos, S.A., Fernandes, \u00c2., Santos-Buelga, C., Ferreira, I.C.F.R., and Barros, L. (2020). Chemical composition of Cynara cardunculus L. var. altilis heads: The impact of harvesting time. Agronomy, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy10081088"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.130875","article-title":"Chemical composition and biological activity of cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L. var. altilis) seeds harvested at different maturity stages","volume":"369","author":"Mandim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4401","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867325666180831145800","article-title":"The Healing Effects of Spices in Chronic Diseases","volume":"27","author":"Bukvicki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111330","article-title":"Chemical composition of cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L. var. altilis) petioles as affected by plant growth stage","volume":"156","author":"Mandim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2016.06.013","article-title":"Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni cultivated in Portugal: A prospective study of its antioxidant potential in different conservation conditions","volume":"90","author":"Barroso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e01942","article-title":"Evaluation of the synergistic effects of antioxidant activity on mixtures of the essential oil from Apium graveolens L., Thymus vulgaris L. and Coriandrum sativum L. using simplex-lattice design","volume":"5","author":"Crespo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.02161","article-title":"Essential oils: Sources of antimicrobials and food preservatives","volume":"7","author":"Pandey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2018.00087","article-title":"The Role of Polyphenols in Human Health and Food Systems: A Mini-Review","volume":"5","author":"Cory","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s43014-022-00083-3","article-title":"Production and evaluation of novel functional extruded corn snacks fortified with ginger, bay leaves and turmeric powder","volume":"4","author":"Amer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Prod. Process. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Van Wyk, B., and Wink, M. Medicinal Plants of the World: An Illustrated Scientific Guide to Important Medicinal Plants and Their Uses, CABI."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kubica, P., Kokotkiewicz, A., Malinowska, M.A., Synowiec, A., Gniewosz, M., Hussain, S., Yaqoob, M., Bonn, G.K., Jakschitz, T., and Mahmoud, E.A. (2022). Phenylpropanoid Glycoside and Phenolic Acid Profiles and Biological Activities of Biomass Extracts from Different Types of Verbena officinalis Microshoot Cultures and Soil-Grown Plant. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11020409"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"744","article-title":"In-vitro antibacterial activity and phytochemical analysis of leaf extract of Verbena officinalis","volume":"1","author":"Mengiste","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharmacogn."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02496313","article-title":"Identification of the major compounds in extracts of Verbena officinalis L. (Verbenaceae) by HPLC with Post-Column derivatization","volume":"46","author":"Calvo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chromatographia"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-008-0073-0","article-title":"Antioxidant and antifungal activity of Verbena officinalis L. leaves","volume":"63","author":"Casanova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2016.00499","article-title":"Anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, and sedative activities of Verbena officinalis","volume":"7","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10473","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules190710473","article-title":"Two new iridoids from Verbena officinalis L.","volume":"19","author":"Shu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2007.11.007","article-title":"HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS analysis of the constituents of aqueous preparations of verbena and lemon verbena and evaluation of the antioxidant activity","volume":"46","author":"Bilia","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"193","article-title":"Analysis of the aerial parts of Verbena officinalis L. by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography","volume":"60","author":"Ganzera","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chromatographia"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2022.103945","article-title":"Chemical profiling of Verbena officinalis and assessment of its anti-cryptosporidial activity in experimentally infected immunocompromised mice","volume":"15","author":"Aboushousha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-1978(99)00114-3","article-title":"The flavonoid chemosystematics of Egyptian Verbena species","volume":"28","author":"Kawashty","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. Syst. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2010.11.035","article-title":"Chemical composition, mineral content and antioxidant activity of Verbena officinalis L.","volume":"44","author":"Rehecho","year":"2011","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"108","article-title":"Bioactive chemical constituents from the plant Verbena officinalis Linn","volume":"3","author":"Verma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1232-5758","article-title":"Verbena officinalis (Common Vervain)-A Review on the Investigations of This Medicinally Important Plant Species","volume":"86","author":"Kubica","year":"2020","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.01.032","article-title":"Aloysia triphylla essential oil as additive in silver catfish diet: Blood response and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila infection","volume":"62","author":"Sutili","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2021.114207","article-title":"Salvia officinalis and Lippia triphylla: Chemical characterization and evaluation of antidepressant-like activity","volume":"203","author":"Maliki","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rashid, H.M., Mahmod, A.I., Afifi, F.U., and Talib, W.H. (2022). Antioxidant and Antiproliferation Activities of Lemon Verbena (Aloysia citrodora): An In Vitro and In Vivo Study. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11060785"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebani, V.V., Bertelloni, F., Najar, B., Nardoni, S., Pistelli, L., and Mancianti, F. (2020). Antimicrobial activity of essential oils against Staphylococcus and Malassezia strains isolated from canine dermatitis. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8020252"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3923\/rjphyto.2008.84.92","article-title":"Assessment of Volatile Components, Free Radical-Scavenging Capacity and Anti-Microbial Activity of Lemon Verbena Leaves","volume":"2","author":"Ali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Res. J. Phytochem."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"528","article-title":"The effect of ethanolic extract of Lippia citriodora on rats with chronic constriction injury of neuropathic pain","volume":"19","author":"Amin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.04.059","article-title":"Correlation between plasma antioxidant capacity and verbascoside levels in rats after oral administration of lemon verbena extract","volume":"117","author":"Funes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"308","article-title":"Estudio de polifenoles de infusiones y cocimientos de hojas de \u201cCedr\u00f3n\u201d (Aloysia citrodora Palau) y \u201cPoleo\u201d (Lippia turbinata Griseb.)-Verbenaceae","volume":"8","author":"Wernert","year":"2009","journal-title":"BlacpmaBolet\u00edn Latinoam. y del Caribe Plantas Med. y Arom\u00e1ticas"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"556","article-title":"Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Aloysia triphylla L. Essential oils and methanolic extract","volume":"31","author":"Rezig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ital. J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.31254\/jsir.2014.3411","article-title":"A review on the chemistry of some species of genus Lippia (Verbenaceae family)","volume":"3","author":"Ombito","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sci. Innov. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514000026","article-title":"Bioavailability of lemon verbena (Aloysia triphylla) polyphenols in rats: Impact of colonic inflammation","volume":"111","author":"Felgines","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762010000200013","article-title":"Chemical composition and antiprotozoal activities of Colombian Lippia spp essential oils and their major components","volume":"105","author":"Escobar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.1111\/are.14594","article-title":"Chemical composition of the essential oil of Aloysia triphylla under seasonal influence and its anaesthetic activity in fish","volume":"51","author":"Parodi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8664","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0708387","article-title":"Identification of the genotype from the content and composition of the essential oil of lemon verbena (Aloysia citriodora Palau)","volume":"55","author":"Gil","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.02.007","article-title":"Mutagenicity and genotoxicity effects of Verbena officinalis leaves extract in Sprague-Dawley Rats","volume":"235","author":"Fateh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2005.11.009","article-title":"Novel neuroprotective effects of the aqueous extracts from Verbena officinalis Linn","volume":"50","author":"Lai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6228","article-title":"Aloysia citriodora Palau (lemon verbena) for insomnia patients: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of efficacy and safety","volume":"33","author":"Afrasiabian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phyther. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3100","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2268","article-title":"Phytochemical profiles of lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora H.B.K.) and its potential application to cookie enrichment","volume":"9","author":"Sourki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"56","article-title":"Chemical composition and antibacterial effects of the essential oil of Aloysia triphylla against genito-urinary pathogens","volume":"9","author":"Rojas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bol. Latinoam. y del Caribe Plantas Med. y Aromat."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Horwitz, W., and Latimer, G. (2016). AOAC Official Methods of Analysis of Association of Official Analytical Chemists Intern1. AOAC Official Methods of Analysis of Association of Official Analytical Chemists International, AOAC Inter."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO02841B","article-title":"Chemical and bioactive characterization of the aromatic plant Levisticum officinale W.D.J. Koch: A comprehensive study","volume":"11","author":"Fernandes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-012-9548-6","article-title":"Use of UFLC-PDA for the analysis of organic acids in thirty-five species of food and medicinal plants","volume":"6","author":"Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.03.050","article-title":"Suitability of gamma irradiation for preserving fresh-cut watercress quality during cold storage","volume":"206","author":"Pinela","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.01561","article-title":"An approach based on HPLC-fingerprint and chemometrics to quality consistency evaluation of Matricaria chamomilla L. commercial samples","volume":"7","author":"Viapiana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.1965.16.3.144","article-title":"Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents","volume":"16","author":"Singleton","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am. J. Enol. Vitic."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2002). 4.00, B.H. Birkenbl\u00e4tter\u2013Betulae Herba 4.00. European Pharmacopoeia, Council of Europe."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Society, P.P. (2002). Polish Pharmacopoeia VI. Polish Pharmaceutical Society, Polish Pharmaceutical Society."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.05.094","article-title":"Chemical composition and antioxidant activities of Myrtus communis L. berries extracts","volume":"123","author":"Tuberoso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.3390\/12071496","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of various total antioxidant capacity assays applied to phenolic compounds with the CUPRAC assay","volume":"12","author":"Apak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1996.0292","article-title":"The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of \u2018\u201cAntioxidant Power\u201d\u2019: The FRAP assay","volume":"239","author":"Benzie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2010.07.036","article-title":"Facts about the formation of new antioxidants in natural samples after subcritical water extraction","volume":"43","author":"Plaza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2014.11.047","article-title":"Gamma irradiation as a practical alternative to preserve the chemical and bioactive wholesomeness of widely used aromatic plants","volume":"67","author":"Pereira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2017.04.069","article-title":"Electron-beam irradiation as an alternative to preserve nutritional, chemical and antioxidant properties of dried plants during extended storage periods","volume":"82","author":"Pereira","year":"2017","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1021\/jf950472a","article-title":"Oxalic acid and calcium determination in wild edible plants","volume":"44","author":"Guil","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s002170050501","article-title":"Lipid Classes, Fatty Acids, and Tocopherols of Leaves of Six Edible Plant Species","volume":"209","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tammar, S., Salem, N., Wannes, W.A., Limam, H., Bourgou, S., Fares, N., Dakhlaoui, S., Hammami, M., Khammassi, S., and Re, G.D. (2021). Chemometric profiling and bioactivity of verbena (Aloysia citrodora) methanolic extract from four localities in Tunisia. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10122912"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1108\/NFS-04-2015-0037","article-title":"Fluctuations of phenols and flavonoids in infusion of lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora) dried leaves during growth stages","volume":"45","author":"Aldeen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.03.006","article-title":"Exploring reserve lots of Cymbopogon citratus, Aloysia citrodora and Thymus \u00d7 citriodorus as improved sources of phenolic compounds","volume":"257","author":"Rita","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.12.008","article-title":"Influence of harvest date and material quality on polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity of Cymbopogon citratus infusion","volume":"83","author":"Costa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2013.09.018","article-title":"Seasonal changes in phenolic compounds and in the biological activities of Baccharis dentata (Vell.) G.M. Barroso","volume":"51","author":"Sartor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-695X2006000300010","article-title":"The effects of seasonal climate changes in the caatinga on tannin levels in Myracrodruon urundeuva (Engl.) Fr. All. and Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan","volume":"16","author":"Monteiro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Farmacogn."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.21273\/JASHS.130.4.527","article-title":"Genotypic and environmental variation in antioxidant activity and total phenolic content among blackberry and hybridberry cultivars","volume":"130","author":"Connor","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.05.124","article-title":"Metabolic and antioxidant profiles of herbal infusions and decoctions","volume":"211","author":"Fotakis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2016.01.042","article-title":"The determination of elements in herbal teas and medicinal plant formulations and their tisanes","volume":"130","author":"Pohl","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munteanu, I.G., and Apetrei, C. (2021). Analytical methods used in determining antioxidant activity: A review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073380"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2174\/2210290601304010015","article-title":"El Culinary Decoctions: Spectrophotometric Determination of Various Polyphenols Coupled with their Antioxidant Activities","volume":"4","author":"Babili","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharm. Crop"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5165","DOI":"10.1021\/jf010697n","article-title":"Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in selected herbs","volume":"49","author":"Zheng","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-457x.06016","article-title":"A study of fortification of lemonade with herbal extracts","volume":"37","author":"Tamer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"40","article-title":"Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora Kunth) beverages: Physicochemical properties, contents of total phenolics and minerals, and bioaccessibility of antioxidants","volume":"31","author":"Suna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ital. J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dziurka, M., Kubica, P., Kwiecien, I., Biesaga-Koscielniak, J., Ekiert, H., Abdelmohsen, S.A.M., Al-Harbi, F.F., El-Ansary, D.O., Elansary, H.O., and Szopa, A. (2021). In Vitro Cultures of Some Medicinal Plant Species (Cistus \u00d7 incanus, Verbena officinalis, Scutellaria lateriflora, and Scutellaria baicalensis) as a Rich Potential Source of Antioxidants\u2014Evaluation by CUPRAC and Q. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10030454"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chrysargyris, A., Mikallou, M., Petropoulos, S., and Tzortzakis, N. (2020). Profiling of essential oils components and polyphenols for their antioxidant activity of medicinal and aromatic plants grown in different environmental conditions. Agronomy, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy10050727"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2014.10.021","article-title":"Phenolic profile and antioxidant properties of commercial and wild Fragaria vesca L. roots: A comparison between hydromethanolic and aqueous extracts","volume":"63","author":"Dias","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.07.018","article-title":"Chemical composition of wild and commercial Achillea millefolium L. and bioactivity of the methanolic extract, infusion and decoction","volume":"141","author":"Dias","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.05.038","article-title":"Antioxidant activity, ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds and sugars of wild and commercial Tuberaria lignosa samples: Effects of drying and oral preparation methods","volume":"135","author":"Pinela","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2013.12.013","article-title":"Total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and toxicity of aqueous extracts from selected Greek medicinal and aromatic plants","volume":"53","author":"Skotti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4557.2006.00096.x","article-title":"Ultrasonically assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from aromatic plants: Comparison with conventional extraction technics","volume":"29","author":"Proestos","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Food Qual."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/11\/11\/2247\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:18:15Z","timestamp":1760145495000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/11\/11\/2247"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox11112247"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox11112247","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]]}}}