{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:13:36Z","timestamp":1772151216012,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]],"date-time":"2022-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MERTOX-TRX project","award":["PTDC\/QUI- BIQ\/117281\/2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/QUI- BIQ\/117281\/2010"]}]},{"name":"MERTOX-TRX project","award":["UID\/DTP\/04138\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/DTP\/04138\/2019"]}]},{"name":"MERTOX-TRX project","award":["DL57\/2016\/CP1376\/CT002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DL57\/2016\/CP1376\/CT002"]}]},{"name":"iMed, ULisboa\u2019s strategic project","award":["PTDC\/QUI- BIQ\/117281\/2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/QUI- BIQ\/117281\/2010"]}]},{"name":"iMed, ULisboa\u2019s strategic project","award":["UID\/DTP\/04138\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/DTP\/04138\/2019"]}]},{"name":"iMed, ULisboa\u2019s strategic project","award":["DL57\/2016\/CP1376\/CT002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DL57\/2016\/CP1376\/CT002"]}]},{"name":"national funds via FCT through Norma Transit\u00f3ria","award":["PTDC\/QUI- BIQ\/117281\/2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/QUI- BIQ\/117281\/2010"]}]},{"name":"national funds via FCT through Norma Transit\u00f3ria","award":["UID\/DTP\/04138\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/DTP\/04138\/2019"]}]},{"name":"national funds via FCT through Norma Transit\u00f3ria","award":["DL57\/2016\/CP1376\/CT002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DL57\/2016\/CP1376\/CT002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Selenium (Se) is a micronutrient with essential physiological functions achieved through the production of selenoproteins. Adequate Se intake has health benefits and reduces mercury (Hg) toxicity, which is important due to its neurotoxicity. This study determined the Se status and redox enzyme, including selenoproteins\u2019, activity in pregnant women highly exposed to Hg (between 1 to 54 \u00b5g Hg\/L blood) via fish consumption. A cross-sectional study enrolling 513 women between the first and third trimester of pregnancy from Madeira, Portugal was conducted, encompassing collection of blood and plasma samples. Samples were analyzed for total Se and Hg levels in whole blood and plasma, and plasma activity of redox-active proteins, such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and thioredoxin (Trx). Enzyme activities were related to Se and Hg levels in blood. Se levels in whole blood (65.0 \u00b1 13.1 \u00b5g\/L) indicated this population had a sub-optimal Se status, which translated to low plasma GPx activity (69.7 \u00b1 28.4 U\/L). The activity of TrxR (12.3 \u00b1 5.60 ng\/mL) was not affected by the low Se levels. On the other hand, the decrease in Trx activity with an increase in Hg might be a good indicator to prevent fetal susceptibility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11112291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T03:09:30Z","timestamp":1669000170000},"page":"2291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Selenium and Redox Enzyme Activity in Pregnant Women Exposed to Methylmercury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0466-4934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasco","family":"Branco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz (IUEM), Quinta da Granja, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"C\u00e1ssia","family":"Barboza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Eduarda","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8466-0484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Afonso","family":"Cavaco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02490-9","article-title":"The importance of selenium to human health","volume":"356","author":"Rayman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products Nutrition and Allergies) (2014). Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for selenium. EFSA J., 12, 3846.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2014.3846"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2015.07.005","article-title":"Revised reference values for selenium intake","volume":"32","author":"Kipp","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) (2006). Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand, National Health and Medical Research Council."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hatfield, D.L., Berry, M.J., and Gladyshev, V.N. (2006). Update of human dietary standards for selenium. Selenium: Its Molecular Biology and Role in Human Health, Springer. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-33827-6"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Reilly, C. (2006). Selenium in Food and Health, Springer. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2004). Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Consultation on Human Vitamin and Mineral Requirements. Vitamin and Mineral Requirements in Human Nutrition, World Health Organization. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/57.2.256S","article-title":"Indexes of selenium status in human populations","volume":"57","author":"Diplock","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/119.9.1318","article-title":"Biochemical Studies of a Selenium-Deficient Population in China: Measurement of Selenium, Glutathione Peroxidase and Other Oxidant Defense Indices in Blood","volume":"119","author":"Xia","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02798589","article-title":"Studies on the relations of selenium and Keshan disease","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"1980","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2007.74","article-title":"Serum Selenium Levels and All-Cause, Cancer, and Cardiovascular Mortality among US Adults","volume":"168","author":"Bleys","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2005.055301","article-title":"Selenium and Mortality in the Elderly: Results from the EVA Study","volume":"51","author":"Akbaraly","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02247139","article-title":"Selenium supplementation improves mood in a double-blind crossover trial","volume":"102","author":"Benton","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-007-0036-4","article-title":"Mechanisms by which selenium influences immune responses","volume":"55","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1262","article-title":"Selenium and selenoprotein function in brain disorders","volume":"66","author":"Pillai","year":"2014","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200700465","article-title":"On the importance of selenium and iodine metabolism for thyroid hormone biosynthesis and human health","volume":"52","author":"Schomburg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.102.003822","article-title":"Male Fertility Is Linked to the Selenoprotein Phospholipid Hydroperoxide Glutathione Peroxidase","volume":"67","author":"Garolla","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2017.07.001","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Selenium and Human Cancer","volume":"136","author":"Vinceti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"CD009671","article-title":"Selenium supplementation for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease","volume":"2013","author":"Rees","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2013.08.013","article-title":"Selenium supplementation for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: Proof of no effectiveness","volume":"24","author":"Brigo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.864","article-title":"Effect of Selenium and Vitamin E on Risk of Prostate Cancer and Other Cancers: The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)","volume":"301","author":"Lippman","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2018.11.007","article-title":"The thioredoxin system as a target for mercury compounds","volume":"1863","author":"Branco","year":"2019","journal-title":"BBA Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-008-0202-0","article-title":"Selenium Health Benefit Values as Seafood Safety Criteria","volume":"5","author":"Ralston","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24036","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.756155","article-title":"Selenoprotein Gene Nomenclature","volume":"291","author":"Gladyshev","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2007.1528","article-title":"From selenium to selenoproteins: Synthesis, identity, and their role in human health","volume":"9","author":"Papp","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1083516","article-title":"Characterization of Mammalian Selenoproteomes","volume":"300","author":"Kryukov","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61452-9","article-title":"Selenium and human health","volume":"379","author":"Rayman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2008.07.007","article-title":"Dietary and tissue selenium in relation to methylmercury toxicity","volume":"29","author":"Ralston","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13963","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)71625-6","article-title":"Thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems","volume":"264","author":"Holmgren","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5854","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.100114897","article-title":"Structure and mechanism of mammalian thioredoxin reductase: The active site is a redox-active selenolthiol\/selenenylsulfide formed from the conserved cysteine-selenocysteine sequence","volume":"97","author":"Zhong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"3289","article-title":"Glutathione Peroxidases","volume":"1830","author":"Maiorino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/53.1.120","article-title":"Selenium metabolism and platelet glutathione peroxidase activity in healthy Finnish men: Effects of selenium yeast, selenite, and selenate","volume":"53","author":"Aro","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/70.5.896","article-title":"An estimation of selenium requirements for New Zealanders","volume":"70","author":"Duffield","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.004","article-title":"Dietary selenium\u2019s protective effects against methylmercury toxicity","volume":"278","author":"Ralston","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7439","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CC02144A","article-title":"Characterization of mercury-binding proteins in rat blood plasma","volume":"54","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2018.04.013","article-title":"Selenoprotein P as the major transporter for mercury in serum from methylmercury-poisoned rats","volume":"50","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2010.12.005","article-title":"Inhibition of the thioredoxin system in the brain and liver of zebra-seabreams exposed to waterborne methylmercury","volume":"251","author":"Branco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.12.002","article-title":"Mercury and selenium interaction in vivo: Effects on thioredoxin reductase and glutathione peroxidase","volume":"52","author":"Branco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359879","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/359879","article-title":"Biomarkers of adverse response to mercury: Histopathology versus thioredoxin reductase activity","volume":"2012","author":"Branco","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11913","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M710133200","article-title":"Inhibition of the human thioredoxin system: A molecular mechanism of mercury toxicity","volume":"283","author":"Carvalho","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.10-157594","article-title":"Effects of selenite and chelating agents on mammalian thioredoxin reductase inhibited by mercury: Implications for treatment of mercury poisoning","volume":"25","author":"Carvalho","year":"2011","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-010-9367-4","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro inhibition of mice thioredoxin reductase by methylmercury","volume":"23","author":"Wagner","year":"2010","journal-title":"BioMetals"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2019.03.020","article-title":"Dietary selenium deficiency or selenomethionine excess drastically alters organ selenium contents without altering the expression of most selenoproteins in mice","volume":"69","author":"Akahoshi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2014.04.003","article-title":"Hepatic metabolite profiles in mice with a suboptimal selenium status","volume":"25","author":"Geillinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2543","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002543","article-title":"Plasma and Synovial Fluid TrxR Levels are Correlated with Disease Risk and Severity in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"95","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2015.1004327","article-title":"Thalassemia major patients using iron chelators showed a reduced plasma thioredoxin level and reduced thioredoxin reductase activity, despite elevated oxidative stress","volume":"49","author":"Ozturk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2652","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-38153-7","article-title":"Thioredoxin Reductase as a Novel and Efficient Plasma Biomarker for the Detection of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Large-scale, Multicenter study","volume":"9","author":"Ye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2004). Recommended Analytical Conditions and General Information for Flow Injection Mercury\/Hydride Analyses Using the PerkinElmer FIAS-100\/400, Perkin-Elmer."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"7.4","article-title":"Measurement of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase","volume":"Volume 7","author":"Holmgren","year":"2001","journal-title":"Current Protocols in Toxicology\/Editorial Board, Mahin D. Maines (Editor-in-Chief)... [et al.]"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, L.G., Hodgson, E., Lawrence, D.A., Reed, D.J., and GreenLee, W. (2001). Analysis of glutathione-related enzymes. Current Protocols in Toxicology, John Wiley & Sons Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471140856"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2019.1658859","article-title":"Risk assessment of methylmercury in pregnant women and newborns in the island of Madeira (Portugal) using exposure biomarkers and food-frequency questionnaires","volume":"82","author":"Caetano","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"119","article-title":"Serum levels of selenium in the Portuguese population\u2014The highest in Europe","volume":"7","author":"Pereira","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Med. Port."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1385\/BTER:101:1:01","article-title":"Trace element status (Se, Cu, Zn) in healthy portuguese subjects of Lisbon population","volume":"101","author":"Lopes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Abdulla, M., Bost, M., Gamon, S., Arnaud, P., and Chazot, G. (1999). Selenium, Copper, and Zinc in some azorean populations. Proceedings of the New Aspects of Trace Element Rsearch\u2014Vth Confrence of The International Society for Trace Elements Research in Humans, Lyon, France, 26-30thSeptember 1998, Smith-Gordon."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Kumpulainen, J., and Salonen, J. (1996). Selenium status and cardiovascular risk factors in populations from different portuguese regions. Natural Antioxidants and Food Quality in Atherosclerosis and Cancer Prevention, The Royal Society of Chemistry."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18476","DOI":"10.3402\/fnr.v56i0.18476","article-title":"Blood selenium levels and contribution of food groups to selenium intake in adolescent girls in Iceland","volume":"56","author":"Gudmundsdottir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1385\/BTER:92:1:27","article-title":"Comparison of whole-blood glutathione peroxidase activity, levels of serum selenium, and lipid peroxidation in subjects from the fishing and rural communities of Rabo de Peixe\u2019 village, S\u00e3o Miguel Island, the Azores\u2019 Archipelago, Portugal","volume":"92","author":"Cordeiro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0946-672X(00)80016-4","article-title":"Trace element status (Se, Cu, Zn) and serum lipid profile in Portuguese subjects of San Miguel Island from Azores\u2019archipelago","volume":"14","author":"Paulo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"223","article-title":"Selenium and glutathione peroxidase reference values in whole blood and plasma of a reference population living in Valencia, Spain","volume":"10","author":"Clemente","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(96)05117-0","article-title":"Serum selenium levels during normal pregnancy in healthy Spanish women","volume":"186","author":"Navarro","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.4103\/1119-3077.91745","article-title":"Copper and selenium status of healthy pregnant women in Enugu, southeastern Nigeria","volume":"14","author":"Nwagha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Niger. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1159\/000292655","article-title":"Changes in Blood Selenium and Glutathione Concentrations and Glutathione Peroxidase Activity in Human Pregnancy","volume":"35","author":"Zachara","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gynecol. Obstet. Investig."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"3","article-title":"Selenium in Pregnant Women: Mini Review","volume":"6","author":"Ba","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9120(03)00039-0","article-title":"Plasma glutathione peroxidase in healthy young adults: Influence of gender and physical activity","volume":"36","author":"Rush","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hargreaves, M.K., Liu, J., Buchowski, M.S., Patel, K.A., Larson, C.O., Schlundt, D.G., Kenerson, D.M., Hill, K.E., Burk, R.F., and Blot, W.J. (2014). Plasma selenium biomarkers in low income black and white americans from the southeastern United States. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084972"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27230F","article-title":"Methods of assessment of selenium status in humans: A systematic review","volume":"89","author":"Ashton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2015.6391","article-title":"Update on Selenoprotein Biosynthesis","volume":"23","author":"Bulteau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"2281","article-title":"Thioredoxin reductase, a redox-active selenoprotein, is secreted by normal and neoplastic cells: Presence in human plasma","volume":"60","author":"Sahaf","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2009.03.015","article-title":"Hierarchical regulation of selenoprotein expression and sex-specific effects of selenium","volume":"1790","author":"Schomburg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2009.01.014","article-title":"Focus on mammalian thioredoxin reductases\u2014Important selenoproteins with versatile functions","volume":"1790","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.04.030","article-title":"Mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase inhibition, selenium status, and Nrf-2 activation are determinant factors modulating the toxicity of mercury compounds","volume":"73","author":"Branco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2017.05.024","article-title":"Impaired cross-talk between the thioredoxin and glutathione systems is related to ASK-1 mediated apoptosis in neuronal cells exposed to mercury","volume":"13","author":"Branco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Redox Biol."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/11\/11\/2291\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:21:54Z","timestamp":1760145714000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/11\/11\/2291"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox11112291"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox11112291","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]]}}}