{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T14:04:07Z","timestamp":1776780247984,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["UIDP\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04539\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000040"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000012"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["NORTE2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-047239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-047239"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["UIDP\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04539\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04423\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000040"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000012"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["NORTE2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-047239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0247-FEDER-047239"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ultraviolet (UV) radiation promotes the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS), resulting in skin damage. Cosmetic industries have adopted a strategy to incorporate antioxidants in sunscreen formulations to prevent or minimize UV-induced oxidative damage, boost photoprotection effectiveness, and mitigate skin photoaging. Many antioxidants are naturally derived, mainly from terrestrial plants; however, marine organisms have been increasingly explored as a source of new potent antioxidant molecules. This work aims to characterize the frequency of the use of antioxidants in commercial sunscreens. Photoprotective formulations currently marketed in parapharmacies and pharmacies were analyzed with respect to the composition described on the label. As a result, pure compounds with antioxidant activity were found. The majority of sunscreen formulations contained antioxidants, with vitamin E and its derivatives the most frequent. A more thorough analysis of these antioxidants is also provided, unveiling the top antioxidant ingredients found in sunscreens. A critical appraisal of the scientific evidence regarding their effectiveness is also performed. In conclusion, this work provides an up-to-date overview of the use of antioxidants in commercial sunscreens for a better understanding of the advantages associated with their use in photoprotective formulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12010138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T02:20:30Z","timestamp":1672971630000},"page":"138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Antioxidants in Sunscreens: Which and What For?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7425-9750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Jesus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5348-8431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6077-3580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9846-6754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria T.","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5397-4672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Em\u00edlia","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S\/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1498-048X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel F.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0715-1779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Honorina","family":"Cidade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S\/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12222","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms140612222","article-title":"UV Radiation and the Skin","volume":"14","author":"Orazio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3427","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14033","article-title":"The impact of ultraviolet radiation on skin photoaging\u2014Review of in vitro studies","volume":"20","author":"Socha","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12688","article-title":"Daily photoprotection to prevent photoaging","volume":"37","author":"Krutmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(03)00150-1","article-title":"UV-induced skin damage","volume":"189","author":"Ichihashi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00392","article-title":"Natural Antioxidants: Multiple Mechanisms to Protect Skin from Solar Radiation","volume":"9","author":"Dunaway","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2021.112255","article-title":"An ex vivo model of human skin photoaging induced by UVA radiation compatible with summer exposure in Brazil","volume":"221","author":"Saguie","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evangelista, M., Mota, S., Almeida, I.F., and Pereira, M.G. (2022). Usage Patterns and Self-Esteem of Female Consumers of Antiaging Cosmetic Products. Cosmetics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics9030049"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-11-201306040-00002","article-title":"Sunscreen and prevention of skin aging: A randomized trial","volume":"158","author":"Hughes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-021-00632-5","article-title":"Sunscreens and Photoaging: A Review of Current Literature","volume":"22","author":"Guan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12109","article-title":"Effects of sunscreen on skin cancer and photoaging","volume":"30","author":"Iannacone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.10018.x","article-title":"Photodamage to human skin by suberythemal exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation can be attenuated by sunscreens: A review","volume":"163","author":"Fourtanier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jesus, A., Sousa, E., Cruz, M.T., Cidade, H., Lobo, J.M.S., and Almeida, I.F. (2022). UV Filters: Challenges and Prospects. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15030263"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hermund, D.B. (2018). Antioxidant Properties of Seaweed-Derived Substances. Bioactive Seaweeds for Food Applications, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-813312-5.00010-8"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12551","article-title":"Evolution of the use of antioxidants in anti-ageing cosmetics","volume":"41","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2478\/afmnai-2014-0026","article-title":"Oxidative stress, skin aging and antioxidant therapy","volume":"31","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Fac. Med. Naissensis"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(00)00206-7","article-title":"Skin low molecular weight antioxidants and their role in aging and in oxidative stress","volume":"148","author":"Kohen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1159\/000245989","article-title":"Effects of Topically Applied Antioxidants in Experimentally, Provoked Polymorphous Light Eruption","volume":"195","author":"Hadshiew","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20175697","article-title":"Antioxidants in dermatology","volume":"92","author":"Addor","year":"2017","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.07.009","article-title":"Ex vivo evaluation of radical sun protection factor in popular sunscreens with antioxidants","volume":"65","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stahl, W., and Sies, H. (2001). Protection against solar radiation\u2014Protective properties of antioxidants. Sun Protection in Man, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1568-461X(01)80064-8"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2012.02.009","article-title":"The role of antioxidants in photoprotection: A critical review","volume":"67","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2017.12.002","article-title":"Phenols from olive mill wastewater and other natural antioxidants as UV filters in sunscreens","volume":"9","author":"Galanakis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochemrev.2011.12.001","article-title":"Photostability of sunscreens","volume":"13","author":"Kockler","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. C Photochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s41702-019-0048-9","article-title":"Antioxidants as stabilizers of UV filters: An example for the UV-B filter octylmethoxycinnamate","volume":"3","author":"Lorigo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2014.07.004","article-title":"Photodegradation of avobenzone: Stabilization effect of antioxidants","volume":"140","author":"Afonso","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-4337.2011.00156.x","article-title":"Natural Antioxidants: Sources, Compounds, Mechanisms of Action, and Potential Applications","volume":"10","author":"Brewer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"247","article-title":"Botanicals in Dermatology: An evidenced-based review","volume":"11","author":"Reute","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2021.102273","article-title":"Trends in the use of marine ingredients in anti-aging cosmetics","volume":"55","author":"Resende","year":"2021","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vladkova, T., Georgieva, N., Staneva, A., and Gospodinova, D. (2022). Recent Progress in Antioxidant Active Substances from Marine Biota. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11030439"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.9734\/ARRB\/2015\/14104","article-title":"Derivatives of Ferulic Acid: Structure, Preparation and Biological Activities","volume":"5","author":"Pei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Res. Rev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2017.02.004","article-title":"Photoisomerization of ethyl ferulate: A solution phase transient absorption study","volume":"673","author":"Horbury","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.03.035","article-title":"Natural forms of vitamin E: Metabolism, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities and their role in disease prevention and therapy","volume":"72","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1624","article-title":"Vitamin E, Its Beneficial Role in Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Its Complications","volume":"6","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02435007","article-title":"Protective role of dietary vitamin E on oxidative stress in aging","volume":"15","author":"Meydani","year":"1992","journal-title":"AGE"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132446","article-title":"Vitamin E, oxidative stress, and inflammation","volume":"25","author":"Singh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tantavisut, S., Tanavalee, A., Honsawek, S., Suantawee, T., Ngarmukos, S., Adisakwatana, S., and Callaghan, J.J. (2017). Effect of vitamin E on oxidative stress level in blood, synovial fluid, and synovial tissue in severe knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled study. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-017-1637-7"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2004.08.012","article-title":"Skin absorption and metabolism of a new vitamin E prodrug, delta-tocopherol-glucoside: In vitro evaluation in human skin models","volume":"100","author":"Mavon","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12705","article-title":"Sustained effect of two antioxidants (oxothiazolidine and \u03b4-tocopheryl glucoside) for immediate and long-term sun protection in a sunscreen emulsion based on their different penetrating properties","volume":"43","author":"Jacques","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"PubChem (2022, September 30). Vitamin E, Available online: https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/14985."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22400","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01299-y","article-title":"The photoprotective properties of \u03b1-tocopherol phosphate against long-wave UVA1 (385 nm) radiation in keratinocytes in vitro","volume":"11","author":"Saleh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9961","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S276355","article-title":"Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics of Vitamin E: Nanoformulations to Enhance Bioavailability","volume":"15","author":"Ng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2014.236","article-title":"alpha-Tocopherol protects keratinocytes against ultraviolet A irradiation by suppressing glutathione depletion, lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species generation","volume":"2","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18924-4","article-title":"Vitamin E inhibits the UVAI induction of \u201clight\u201d and \u201cdark\u201d cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, and oxidatively generated DNA damage, in keratinocytes","volume":"8","author":"Delinasios","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2011.04219.x","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of photoprotective effect by a topical antioxidants combination (tocopherols and tocotrienols)","volume":"26","author":"Pedrelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"56","article-title":"Photoprotective effect of superoxide scavenging antioxidants against ultraviolet radiation-induced chronic skin damage in the hairless mouse","volume":"7","author":"Bissett","year":"1990","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1998.02062.x","article-title":"Topical application of alpha-tocopherol modulates the antioxidant network and diminishes ultraviolet-induced oxidative damage in murine skin","volume":"138","author":"Thiele","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/18.8.1617","article-title":"Inhibition of UVB induced DNA photodamage in mouse epidermis by topically applied \u03b1-tocopherol","volume":"18","author":"McVean","year":"1997","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/1011-1344(95)90251-1","article-title":"Hydrolysis of RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) in the skin and its UV protecting activity (an in vivo study with the rat)","volume":"29","author":"Junginger","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"155","article-title":"Direct evidence for bioconversion of vitamin E acetate into vitamin E: An ex vivo study in viable human skin","volume":"52","author":"Baschong","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/01635589609514475","article-title":"Disposition and metabolism of topically administered \u03b1-tocopherol acetate: A common ingredient of commercially available sunscreens and cosmetics","volume":"26","author":"Alberts","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1993.tb02926.x","article-title":"Uptake and bioconversion of alpha-tocopheryl acetate to alpha-tocopherol in skin of hairless mice","volume":"57","author":"Norkus","year":"1993","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1080\/10715762.2020.1866181","article-title":"Antioxidant action of vitamin E in vivo as assessed from its reaction products with multiple biological oxidants","volume":"55","author":"Niki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miazek, K., Beton, K., Sliwinska, A., and Brozek-Pluska, B. (2022). The Effect of beta-Carotene, Tocopherols and Ascorbic Acid as Anti-Oxidant Molecules on Human and Animal In Vitro\/In Vivo Studies: A Review of Research Design and Analytical Techniques Used. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12081087"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1011-1344(97)00081-X","article-title":"The use of endogenous antioxidants to improve photoprotection","volume":"41","author":"Steenvoorden","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298574","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/298574","article-title":"Comparative effects of biodynes, tocotrienol-rich fraction, and tocopherol in enhancing collagen synthesis and inhibiting collagen degradation in stress-induced premature senescence model of human diploid fibroblasts","volume":"2013","author":"Makpol","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(99)00007-6","article-title":"Age-dependent increase of collagenase expression can be reduced by alpha-tocopherol via protein kinase c inhibition","volume":"27","author":"Ricciarelli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000517204","article-title":"Alpha-Tocopherol Protects Human Dermal Fibroblasts by Modulating Nitric Oxide Release, Mitochondrial Function, Redox Status, and Inflammation","volume":"35","author":"Camillo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ski. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.2005.31724","article-title":"Vitamin E: Critical Review of its current use in cosmetic and clinical dematology","volume":"31","author":"Thiele","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.07.013","article-title":"Ascorbic acid: The chemistry underlying its antioxidant properties","volume":"159","author":"Njus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"23","article-title":"Skincare and nonsurgical skin rejuvenation","volume":"Volume 4","author":"Baumann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plastic Surgery: Volume 2: Aesthetic Surgery"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.25258\/ijpqa.10.4.8","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of Vitamin C: An Overview of Various Biological Activities","volume":"10","author":"Rani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Qual. Assur."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2002.19521.x","article-title":"Vitamin C derivative ascorbyl palmitate promotes ultraviolet-B-induced lipid peroxidation and cytotoxicity in keratinocytes","volume":"119","author":"Meves","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Draelos, Z.D. (2009). Cosmetical Vitamins: Vitamin C. Procedures in Cosmetic Dermatology, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444317657"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1473-2130.2004.00067.x","article-title":"Photodamage of the skin: Protection and reversal with topical antioxidants","volume":"3","author":"Burke","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02633006","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of tocopherols, ascorbyl palmitate, and ascorbic acid and their mode of action","volume":"51","author":"Cort","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravetti, S., Clemente, C., Brignone, S., Hergert, L., Allemandi, D., and Palma, S. (2019). Ascorbic acid in skin health. Cosmetics, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics6040058"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-8453.86296","article-title":"Formulation and stability of ascorbic acid in topical preparations","volume":"2","author":"Sheraz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Syst. Rev. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12006","article-title":"Stability, transdermal penetration, and cutaneous effects of ascorbic acid and its derivatives","volume":"11","author":"Stamford","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12745","article-title":"Ascorbic acid 2-glucoside: An ascorbic acid pro-drug with longer-term antioxidant efficacy in skin","volume":"43","author":"Jacques","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-017-1729-0","article-title":"Comparison of protective effect of ascorbic acid on redox and endocannabinoid systems interactions in in vitro cultured human skin fibroblasts exposed to UV radiation and hydrogen peroxide","volume":"309","author":"Bielawska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12286468","article-title":"L-Ascorbic acid inhibits UVA-Induced Lipid peroxodation and secretion of IL-1a and IL-6 in cultured human keratinocytes in vitro","volume":"108","author":"Tebbe","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016414422106","article-title":"Role of ascorbic acid in stratum corneum lipid models exposed to UV irradiation","volume":"19","author":"Trommer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.3797\/scipharm.1306-05","article-title":"Ascorbic acid for the safe use of a sunscreen agent: Accumulation of nano zinc oxide and titanium dioxide on the skin","volume":"81","author":"Tan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1992.tb00122.x","article-title":"Topical vitamin C protects porcine skin from ultraviolet radiation-induced damage","volume":"127","author":"Darr","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0625.2003.00008.x","article-title":"Topical ascorbic acid on photoaged skin. Clinical, topographical and ultrastructural evaluation: Double-blind study vs. placebo","volume":"12","author":"Humbert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0939-6411(03)00062-6","article-title":"Skin protection against ultraviolet induced free radicals with ascorbyl palmitate in microemulsions","volume":"56","author":"Jurkovic","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2006.07.001","article-title":"A new lipophilic pro-vitamin C, tetra-isopalmitoyl ascorbic acid (VC-IP), prevents UV-induced skin pigmentation through its anti-oxidative properties","volume":"44","author":"Ochiai","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.22032","article-title":"Cytoprotective effects of the lipoidic-liquiform pro-vitamin C tetra-isopalmitoyl-ascorbate (VC-IP) against ultraviolet-A ray-induced injuries in human skin cells together with collagen retention, MMP inhibition and p53 gene repression","volume":"106","author":"Xiao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-019-00349-8","article-title":"Epidermal and Dermal Hallmarks of Photoaging are Prevented by Treatment with Night Serum Containing Melatonin, Bakuchiol, and Ascorbyl Tetraisopalmitate: In Vitro and Ex Vivo Studies","volume":"10","author":"Narda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.44.345","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo prolonged biological activities of novel vitamin C derivative, 2-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acid (AA-2G), in cosmetic fields","volume":"44","author":"Kumano","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.20.632","article-title":"Ascorbic acid 2-O-alpha-glucoside-induced redox modulation in human keratinocyte cell line, SCC: Mechanisms of photoprotective effect against ultraviolet light B","volume":"20","author":"Miyai","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"233","article-title":"Antioxidant ability and stability studies of 3-o-ethyl ascorbic acid, a cosmetic tyrosinase inhibitor","volume":"69","author":"Liao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b16-00967","article-title":"Selected Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Ethyl Ascorbic Acid Compared to Ascorbic Acid","volume":"40","author":"Golonka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Jill Hsu, C.I. (2022, October 04). 3-O-Ethyl Ascorbic Acid: A Stable, Vitamin C-Derived Agent for Skin Whitening. Available online: https:\/\/www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com\/cosmetic-ingredients\/actives\/article\/21835980\/3oethyl-ascorbic-acid-a-stable-vitamin-cderived-agent-for-skin-whitening."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14465","article-title":"A review of topical vitamin C derivatives and their efficacy","volume":"21","author":"Enescu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"14","article-title":"Topical Vitamin C and the skin: Mechanisms of action and Clinical applications","volume":"10","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Aesthetic. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/jidsymp.2009.14","article-title":"Non-sunscreen photoprotection: Antioxidants add value to a sunscreen","volume":"14","author":"Matsui","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Monaco, E. (2022, October 12). OTZ 10 (Pro-Taurine) P8_1311GB1104B. Available online: https:\/\/www.biosiltech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/OTZ10-P8_1311GB1806I.pdf."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Valenti, L., Fr\u00e9chet, M., Lafitte, P., and Nicolay, J.-F. (2010). Oxothiazolidine, a Skin Penetrating Active Ingredient Offering a New Approach to Photoaging Prevention, IFSCC Magazine."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laffite, P., Valenti, L., Casciani, L., Hoarau, T., Lomonte, E., Maccario, F., and Nicolay, J.-F. (2008). Design and Evaluation of a Photoprotective Compound Able to Release Taurine under Conditions of Oxidative Stress, IFSCC Magazine.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2494.2009.00501_1.x"},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Seguin, M.C. (2013). Topical Use of Thiazolidine Derivatives against Consequences of Oxidative Stress of Skin. (US20090081141A1), U.S. Patent, Appl. No.;13\/708462."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2004.23313.x","article-title":"The Osmolyte Strategy of Normal Human Keratinocytes in Maintaining Cell Homeostasis","volume":"123","author":"Warskulat","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"138","article-title":"Skin taurine levels determine the sensitivity to UVB radiation-induced membrane damage leading to immunosuppression","volume":"126","author":"Schade","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Galey, J.-B. (1999). L-2-Oxothiazolidine-4-Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and Use Thereof for Skincare. (US6004543A), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Galley, J.-B., Sous-Bois, A., Bernard, D., and Simonetti, L. (2010). 2-Oxothiazolidine-4-Carboxylic Acid Compounds for Promoting Desquamation of the Skin. (US20100179200A1), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Erdelmeier, I., and Lucet-Levannier, K. (2006). Heterocyclic Derivatives of 2-Oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic Acid, and Use as Active Photoprotective Agents. (US7022317B2), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2014.09.002","article-title":"Potential applications of ferulic acid from natural sources","volume":"4","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.32474\/LOJPCR.2020.02.000133","article-title":"The Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ferulic Acid on NF- \u03baBDepends on Keap1","volume":"2","author":"Montana","year":"2020","journal-title":"LOJ Pharmacol. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00137","article-title":"Ferulic Acid and Eugenol Have Different Abilities to Maintain Their Inhibitory Activity against Listeria monocytogenes in Emulsified Systems","volume":"10","author":"Pernin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2016.4804","article-title":"Ferulic acid exerts antitumor activity and inhibits metastasis in breast cancer cells by regulating epithelial to mesenchymal transition","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2017.3127","article-title":"Ferulic acid exerts neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion-induced injury via antioxidant and anti-apoptotic mechanisms in vitro and in vivo","volume":"40","author":"Ren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1159\/000491755","article-title":"Antioxidant Properties of Ferulic Acid and Its Possible Application","volume":"31","author":"Zdunska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ski. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(92)90184-I","article-title":"Antioxidant potential of ferulic acid","volume":"13","author":"Graf","year":"1992","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(00)00358-6","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo evaluation of caffeic and ferulic acids as topical photoprotective agents","volume":"19","author":"Saija","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2005.23768.x","article-title":"Ferulic acid stabilizes a solution of vitamins C and E and doubles its photoprotection of skin","volume":"125","author":"Lin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.40.92","article-title":"Feruli acid: Therapeutic potential trough its antioxidant property","volume":"40","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7829","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-021-11111-8","article-title":"Evaluation of interaction between natural antioxidants and chemical sunscreens aiming the photoprotective efficacy","volume":"147","author":"Freire","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calor."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8124","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules19068124","article-title":"Ethyl ferulate, a component with anti-inflammatory properties for emulsion-based creams","volume":"19","author":"Nazare","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_109","unstructured":"Chem, U.S.b.S. (2022, October 06). Ethylhexyl ferulate Technical Datasheet, supplied by Creative BioMart. Available online: https:\/\/cosmetics.specialchem.com\/product\/i-creative-biomart-ethylhexyl-ferulate."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13609","article-title":"In vivo SPF from multifunctional sunscreen systems developed with natural compounds\u2014A review","volume":"20","author":"Freire","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2018.05.026","article-title":"Ferulic acid photoprotective properties in association with UV filters: Multifunctional sunscreen with improved SPF and UVA-PF","volume":"185","author":"Peres","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2004.10.002","article-title":"The importance of non-photosynthetic pigments and cinnamic acid derivatives in photoprotection","volume":"106","author":"Edreva","year":"2005","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2015.12.006","article-title":"Photoprotection by dietary phenolics against melanogenesis induced by UVA through Nrf2-dependent antioxidant responses","volume":"8","author":"Chaiprasongsuk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_114","unstructured":"Taniguchi, H. (1997). Ferulic Acid Ester Antioxidant\/Uv Absorbent. (US5908615A), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1159\/000080216","article-title":"Ectoin: An effective natural substance to prevent UVA-induced premature photoaging","volume":"17","author":"Buenger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ski. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2019.108097","article-title":"Hydroxyl radical scavenging of the compatible solute ectoine generates two N-acetimides","volume":"674","author":"Brands","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fenizia, S., Thume, K., Wirgenings, M., and Pohnert, G. (2020). Ectoine from Bacterial and Algal Origin Is a Compatible Solute in Microalgae. Mar. Drugs, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/md18010042"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1159\/000509296","article-title":"Topical Over-the-Counter Antiaging Agents: An Update and Systematic Review","volume":"237","author":"Imhof","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2008.01.002","article-title":"The multifunctional role of ectoine as a natural cell protectant","volume":"26","author":"Graf","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Draelos, Z. (2015). Cosmetic Dermatology\u2014Products and Procedures, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118655566"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0625.2003.00033.x","article-title":"Age-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species in the skin of live hairless rats exposed to UVA light","volume":"12","author":"Yasui","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1159\/000103204","article-title":"In vivo assessment of Ectoin: A randomized, vehicle-controlled clinical trial","volume":"20","author":"Heinrich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ski. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"20","article-title":"Complete photoprotection\u2013going beyond visible endpoints","volume":"131","author":"Pflucker","year":"2005","journal-title":"S\u00d6FW J."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2008.01.008","article-title":"Genotoxicity of visible light (400\u2013800 nm) and photoprotection assessment of ectoin, L-ergothioneine and mannitol and four sunscreens","volume":"91","author":"Botta","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, W., An, Q., Zhang, J., Shi, X., Wang, C., Li, M., and Zhao, D. (2022). Protective Effect of Ectoin on UVA\/H2O2-Induced Oxidative Damage in Human Skin Fibroblast Cells. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12178531"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15272","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15512-4","article-title":"Ectoine protects DNA from damage by ionizing radiation","volume":"7","author":"Schroter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsc.2022.03.003","article-title":"Photoaging and Topical Rejuvenation","volume":"30","author":"Berry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Facial Plast. Surg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2012.00479.x","article-title":"Niacin: Chemical forms, bioavailability, and health effects","volume":"70","author":"MacKay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.07.037","article-title":"Vitamins and photoaging: Do scientific data support their use?","volume":"63","author":"Zussman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13819","article-title":"Nicotinamide for photoprotection and skin cancer chemoprevention: A review of efficacy and safety","volume":"28","author":"Snaidr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"11","article-title":"Pharmacologic doses of nicotinamide in the treatment of inflammatory skin conditions: A review","volume":"77","author":"Niren","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2007.03519.x","article-title":"Nicotinamide in dermatology: A capsule summary","volume":"46","author":"Namazi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.13021","article-title":"Use of nicotinamide in dermatology","volume":"42","author":"Forbat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14648","article-title":"Oral nicotinamide reduces transepidermal water loss: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"175","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1473-2165.2007.00295.x","article-title":"Reduction in the appearance of facial hyperpigmentation by topical N-acetyl glucosamine","volume":"6","author":"Bissett","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2002.04834.x","article-title":"The effect of niacinamide on reducing cutaneous pigmentation and suppression of melanosome transfer","volume":"147","author":"Hakozaki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1473-2165.2007.00342.x","article-title":"The clinical anti-aging effects of topical kinetin and niacinamide in Asians: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, split-face comparative trial","volume":"6","author":"Chiu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.2005.31732","article-title":"Niacinamide: A B Vitamin that Improves Aging Facial Skin Appearance","volume":"31","author":"Bissett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. Soc. Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12430","article-title":"Nicotinamide enhances repair of ultraviolet radiation-induced DNA damage in primary melanocytes","volume":"23","author":"Thompson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2021.10.021","article-title":"Nicotinamide Prevents UVB- and Oxidative StressInduced Photoaging in Human Primary Keratinocytes","volume":"142","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson, B.C., Halliday, G.M., and Damian, D.L. (2015). Nicotinamide enhances repair of arsenic and ultraviolet radiation-induced DNA damage in HaCaT keratinocytes and ex vivo human skin. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117491"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9726.2006.00234.x","article-title":"Nicotinamide extends replicative lifespan of human cells","volume":"5","author":"Kang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12994","article-title":"Effects and Mechanism of Nicotinamide Against UVA- and\/or UVB-mediated DNA Damages in Normal Melanocytes","volume":"95","author":"Chhabra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09244.x","article-title":"Topical nicotinamide modulates cellular energy metabolism and provides broad-spectrum protection against ultraviolet radiation-induced immunosuppression in humans","volume":"161","author":"Sivapirabu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2019.061","article-title":"Niacinamide Protects Skin Cells from Oxidative Stress Induced by Particulate Matter","volume":"27","author":"Zhen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5957606","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5957606","article-title":"Development of a Hybrid Chitosan- and Niacinamide-Coupled ZnO Nanoparticle Composite for Sun Protection Application","volume":"2019","author":"Jo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basto, R., Andrade, R., Nunes, C., Lima, S.A.C., and Reis, S. (2021). Topical Delivery of Niacinamide to Skin Using Hybrid Nanogels Enhances Photoprotection Effect. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13111968"}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/12\/1\/138\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:01:00Z","timestamp":1760119260000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/12\/1\/138"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"references-count":147,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox12010138"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox12010138","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]}}}