{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T01:27:02Z","timestamp":1775611622220,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, of the University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal","award":["PEPITA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PEPITA"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, of the University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal","award":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, of the University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal","award":["UIDP\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04539\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, of the University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal","award":["LA\/P\/0058\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0058\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the COMPETE 2020\u2014Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalization and Portuguese national funds via FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, Portugal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PEPITA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PEPITA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the COMPETE 2020\u2014Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalization and Portuguese national funds via FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, Portugal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the COMPETE 2020\u2014Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalization and Portuguese national funds via FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, Portugal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04539\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the COMPETE 2020\u2014Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalization and Portuguese national funds via FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, Portugal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0058\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0058\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Periodontitis (PDT) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) have demonstrated a bidirectional relationship and imbalanced oxidative stress linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, we investigated mitochondrial and redox (de)regulation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in comorbid T2D-PDT, compared to PDT, T2D patients, and control individuals. PBMCs were analyzed for mitochondrial respiration, reactive oxygen species, antioxidant proteins, and expression of Nrf2-target genes. PDT and T2D-PDT patients exhibited altered periodontal clinical markers, while T2D and T2D-PDT patients displayed increased blood HbA1c. Decreased oxygen consumption and ATP production were observed in the PDT patient\u2019s PBMCs. PDT and T2D-PDT PBMCs also evidenced increased H2O2 levels and reduced catalase levels (also detected in T2D patients), whereas a compromised glutathione cycle was observed in T2D-PDT patients. PBMCs from both T2D or T2D-PDT patients showed increased Nrf2 protein levels, enhanced GCL activity and GCL-catalytic subunit protein levels, and maintained GCLc, GST, and HO-1 mRNA levels. In contrast, the expressions of Nrf2-target genes were significantly diminished in the PDT patient\u2019s PBMCs. Decreased SOD1 and GST mRNA levels were also observed in CD3+CD8+-lymphocytes derived from PDT and T2D-PDT patients. In conclusion, PBMCs from T2D-PDT patients showed major redox changes, while mononuclear cells from PDT patients showed mitochondrial deregulation and reduced expression of Nrf2-target genes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12020226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T02:51:37Z","timestamp":1674096697000},"page":"226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Mitochondrial and Redox Changes in Periodontitis and Type 2 Diabetes Human Blood Mononuclear Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ildete L.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC\u2014Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"IIIUC\u2014Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Solange","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Periodontology, Dentistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Avenida Bissaya Barreto, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5385-7188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno J.","family":"Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC\u2014Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8981-8567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Periodontology, Dentistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Avenida Bissaya Barreto, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3554-8493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Fokt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Periodontology, Dentistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Avenida Bissaya Barreto, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Marinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC\u2014Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"IIIUC\u2014Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Vera","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4503-5365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel P.","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Periodontology, Dentistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Avenida Bissaya Barreto, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0700-3776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. Cristina","family":"Rego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNC\u2014Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2012.00450.x","article-title":"Periodontitis: A host-mediated disruption of microbial homeostasis. 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