{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:01:14Z","timestamp":1778544074079,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation, Ministry of Science and Education (FCT\/MEC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020 (CITAB)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020 (CITAB)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation, Ministry of Science and Education (FCT\/MEC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00616\/2020 (CQ-VR)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00616\/2020 (CQ-VR)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation, Ministry of Science and Education (FCT\/MEC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/145855\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/145855\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thymus carnosus Boiss. is a near-threatened species, and, as for many species, its potential for medicinal purposes may be lost if measures towards plant protection are not taken. A way of preserving these species is to increase knowledge about their medicinal properties and economic potential. Thus, with the objective of studying the potentiality of introducing T. carnosus as a crop, the stability of the phytochemical profile of T. carnosus was studied during a period of three years by comparing the phytochemical profile of extracts obtained from plants harvested in two different edaphoclimatic locations, as well as by comparing the respective bioactivities, namely, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiaging, and neuroprotective activities. It was reported, for the first time, the effect of annual variation and geographic location in the phytochemical composition of aqueous decoction and hydroethanolic extracts of T. carnosus. In addition, the presence of two salvianolic acid B\/E isomers in T. carnosus extracts is here described for the first time. Despite the variations in phytochemical composition, according to harvesting location or year, T. carnosus extracts maintain high antioxidant activity, assessed by their capacity to scavenge ABTS\u2022+, \u2022OH , NO\u2022, O2\u2022\u2212 radicals, as well as to prevent \u03b2-carotene bleaching. All extracts presented significant potential to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), tyrosinase, and \u03b1-glucosidase, denoting neuroprotective, anti-aging, and anti-diabetic potential. In conclusion, the vegetative stage and location of harvest are key factors to obtain the maximum potential of this species, namely, a phytochemical profile with health benefit bioactivities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12030668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T02:33:16Z","timestamp":1678329196000},"page":"668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant, Anti-Acetylcholinesterase, and Anti-\u03b1-Glucosidase Activity of Thymus carnosus Extracts: A Three-Year Study on the Impact of Annual Variation and Geographic Location"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1564-3661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Martins-Gomes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Chemistry Research Centre\u2014Vila Real (CQ-VR), UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Steck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0462-8076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirko","family":"Bunzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8135-5078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o A.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Physics, School of Sciences and Technology, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5540-318X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando M.","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Research Centre\u2014Vila Real (CQ-VR), UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, School of Life and Environmental Sciences (ECVA), UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7524-9914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Am\u00e9lia M.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology and Environment, ECVA, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nayak, A.K., Hasnain, M.S., Aminabhavi, T.M., and Torchilin, V.P. 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