{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T17:17:24Z","timestamp":1778260644469,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CESPU","award":["Mddemy-GI2-CESPU-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Mddemy-GI2-CESPU-2022"]}]},{"name":"CESPU","award":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CESPU","award":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CESPU","award":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds from Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT) I.P.","award":["Mddemy-GI2-CESPU-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Mddemy-GI2-CESPU-2022"]}]},{"name":"national funds from Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT) I.P.","award":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds from Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT) I.P.","award":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds from Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT) I.P.","award":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences\u2014UCIBIO","award":["Mddemy-GI2-CESPU-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Mddemy-GI2-CESPU-2022"]}]},{"name":"Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences\u2014UCIBIO","award":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences\u2014UCIBIO","award":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences\u2014UCIBIO","award":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy\u2014i4HB","award":["Mddemy-GI2-CESPU-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Mddemy-GI2-CESPU-2022"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy\u2014i4HB","award":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy\u2014i4HB","award":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04378\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy\u2014i4HB","award":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0140\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Paraquat (1,1\u2032-dimethyl-4,4\u2032-bipyridilium dichloride), a widely used bipyridinium herbicide, is known for inducing oxidative stress, leading to extensive cellular toxicity, particularly in the lungs, liver, kidneys, and central nervous system (CNS), and is implicated in fatal poisonings. Due to its biochemical similarities with the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), paraquat has been used as a Parkinson\u2019s disease model, although its broader neurotoxic effects suggest the participation of multiple mechanisms. Demyelinating diseases are conditions characterized by damage to the myelin sheath of neurons. They affect the CNS and peripheral nervous system (PNS), resulting in diverse clinical manifestations. In recent years, growing concerns have emerged about the impact of chronic, low-level exposure to herbicides on human health, particularly due to agricultural runoff contaminating drinking water sources and their presence in food. Studies indicate that paraquat may significantly impact myelinating cells, myelin-related gene expression, myelin structure, and cause neuroinflammation, potentially contributing to demyelination. Therefore, demyelination may represent another mechanism of neurotoxicity associated with paraquat, which requires further investigation. This manuscript reviews the potential association between paraquat and demyelination. Understanding this link is crucial for enhancing strategies to minimize exposure and preserve public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13111354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T11:36:39Z","timestamp":1730806599000},"page":"1354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Link Between Paraquat and Demyelination: A Review of Current Evidence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9962-7548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3674-3116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Filipa","family":"Sobral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, University Institute of Health Sciences\u2014CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Toxicologic Pathology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Health Sciences (1H-TOXRUN, IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7430-6297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo Jorge","family":"Dinis-Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, University Institute of Health Sciences\u2014CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Translational Toxicology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Health Sciences (1H-TOXRUN, IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FOREN\u2014Forensic Science Experts, Dr. M\u00e1rio Moutinho Avenue, No. 33-A, 1400-136 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1726-6011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Jos\u00e9","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, University Institute of Health Sciences\u2014CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Translational Toxicology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Health Sciences (1H-TOXRUN, IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pathak, V.M., and Verma, V.K. 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