{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T17:08:47Z","timestamp":1774026527359,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Funds by FCT\u2013Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UI\/04033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/04033"]}]},{"name":"National Funds by FCT\u2013Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of four edible flowers\u2014Orange marigold, yellow marigold, rose geranium, and Rosa de Santa Teresinha\u2014were evaluated to explore their potential as natural antioxidants. Rosa de Santa Teresinha exhibited the highest total phenol content (83.34 \u00b1 2.09 mg GA g\u22121 DW) and ortho-diphenol content (168.91 \u00b1 0.15 mg GA g\u22121 DW), while the marigolds showed significantly lower levels (~17 mg GA g\u22121 DW for total phenols). Antioxidant activity, determined via ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays, ranged from 0.11 to 0.96 mmol Trolox g\u22121 DW, with rose geranium and Rosa de Santa Teresinha achieving the highest values. Theoretical antioxidant contributions, calculated based on the identified phenolic compounds, accounted for only a small fraction of the measured activity, with observed values exceeding predictions by factors of 56 to 1416, indicating the presence of synergistic interactions and additional bioactive compounds. Multivariate analyses (PCA and PLS regression) identified luteolin-7-O-glucoside and quercetin-3-O-galactoside as primary contributors to antioxidant capacity. These results underscore the importance of synergistic effects in edible flowers and highlight their potential as functional ingredients for nutraceutical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14030282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T08:04:44Z","timestamp":1740643484000},"page":"282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Edible Flowers: Insights from Synergistic Effects and Multivariate Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Cristiana","family":"Breda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3445-5479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade Acad\u00e9mica Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal Campina Grande, Av. Aprigio Veloso 882, Campina Grande 58429-900, PA, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Parkash","family":"Meghwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4722-0364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Lisboa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade Acad\u00e9mica Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal Campina Grande, Av. Aprigio Veloso 882, Campina Grande 58429-900, PA, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6291-8413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Aires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3341-861X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5834-6141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Novo","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2021.104375","article-title":"Phytochemicals from edible flowers: Opening a new arena for healthy lifestyle","volume":"78","author":"Kumari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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