{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T02:46:10Z","timestamp":1774665970827,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT, the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["2023.03608.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.03608.BD"]}]},{"name":"FCT, the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UID\/04033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04033"]}]},{"name":"FCT, the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT, the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["101084222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101084222"]}]},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB) research unit","award":["2023.03608.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.03608.BD"]}]},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB) research unit","award":["UID\/04033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04033"]}]},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB) research unit","award":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB) research unit","award":["101084222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101084222"]}]},{"name":"HORIZONRIA (HORIZON-CL6-2022-FARM2FORK-01)","award":["2023.03608.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.03608.BD"]}]},{"name":"HORIZONRIA (HORIZON-CL6-2022-FARM2FORK-01)","award":["UID\/04033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04033"]}]},{"name":"HORIZONRIA (HORIZON-CL6-2022-FARM2FORK-01)","award":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0126\/2020"]}]},{"name":"HORIZONRIA (HORIZON-CL6-2022-FARM2FORK-01)","award":["101084222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101084222"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The growing demand for sustainable and effective cosmetic ingredients has prompted renewed interest in winemaking by-products. Among these, grape stem (GS) extract remains relatively underexplored despite its rich content of phenolic compounds distinct from those found in more commonly studied grape seeds or skins. This study validates the potential of GS extract as a novel bioactive component in cosmetic cream formulations. Rich in antioxidant, antiaging, and depigmenting compounds\u2014such as resveratrol, catechins, and phenolic acids\u2014GS extract was incorporated into creams at concentrations ranging from 0.33% to 6.25%. The formulations were evaluated for physicochemical characteristics, texture, rheological behaviour, and biological activity. The results demonstrated that GS extract enhanced total phenolic and flavonoid content, as well as viscosity, firmness, and antioxidant capacity\u2014although not always in a concentration-dependent manner. All formulations maintained appropriate pH values and microbiological stability. Accelerated stability tests (40 \u00b0C, 75% RH, 3 months) identified the 0.83% to 1.64% concentration range as the most stable, preserving phenolic content, viscosity, and bioactivity. Higher extract levels, in contrast, led to reduced formulation stability, coalescence, and diminished antioxidant performance over time. Notably, GS-enriched creams exhibited significant elastase and tyrosinase inhibition, with lower concentrations maintaining antiaging potential throughout storage. These findings not only demonstrate that the incorporation of GS extract into a cosmetic base preserves its biological functionality but also reinforce the unique value of grape stems as an untapped resource for cosmetic innovation. Overall, the study advances current knowledge by establishing formulation parameters for a stable, effective, and sustainable cream based on grape stem extract. Further studies are recommended to optimize extract concentration and investigate encapsulation strategies for enhanced bioactive delivery and long-term stability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14070784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T10:45:08Z","timestamp":1751366708000},"page":"784","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Stable and Functional Cosmetic Creams Enriched with Grape Stem Extract: A Sustainable Skincare Strategy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Serra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB\u2014Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Mesosystem Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o & Investimentos by Spinpark, Barco, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8221-419X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Botelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB\u2014Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Aquatic Research Network (ARNET), Associate Institute of Science and Innovation for Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0799-2335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mesosystem Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o & Investimentos by Spinpark, Barco, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Casas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mesosystem Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o & Investimentos by Spinpark, Barco, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4918-3704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB\u2014Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Aquatic Research Network (ARNET), Associate Institute of Science and Innovation for Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5834-6141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Novo","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Argo-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alnuqaydan, A. (2024). The dark side of beauty: An in-depth analysis of the health hazards and toxicological impact of synthetic cosmetics and personal care products. Front. Public Health, 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1439027"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Contribution of the European Cosmetics Industry (2019). Cosmetics Europe the Personal Care Association Socio-Economic, Contribution of the European Cosmetics Industry."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Cosmetic Product Information Requirements in the European Union (2006). Cosmetics Europe the Personal Care Association Cosmetics Europe, Contribution of the European Cosmetics Industry."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12427","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-20589","article-title":"Consumer perception of dried dairy ingredients: Healthy, natural, and sustainable?","volume":"104","author":"Schiano","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e35815","article-title":"Clean-label alternatives for food preservation: An emerging trend","volume":"10","author":"Chauhan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, M., Magalh\u00e3es, M., Oliveira, R., Sousa-Lobo, J., and Almeida, I. (2021). Trends in the Use of Botanicals in Anti-Aging Cosmetics. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26123584"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-022-08156-9","article-title":"Natural polyphenols: A promising bioactive compounds for skin care and cosmetics","volume":"50","author":"Bharadvaja","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoang, H.T., Moon, J.-Y., and Lee, Y.-C. (2021). Natural Antioxidants from Plant Extracts in Skincare Cosmetics: Recent Applications, Challenges and Perspectives. Cosmetics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics8040106"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2011.10.003","article-title":"Bioactive compounds from natural resources against skin aging","volume":"19","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scp.2023.101178","article-title":"A sustainable life cycle for cosmetics: From design and development to post-use phase","volume":"35","author":"Martins","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustain. Chem. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krzy\u017costan, M., Wawrzy\u0144czak, A., and Nowak, I. (2024). Use of Waste from the Food Industry and Applications of the Fermentation Process to Create Sustainable Cosmetic Products: A Review. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16072757"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouzroud, S., El Maaiden, E., Sobeh, M., Merghoub, N., Boukcim, H., Kouisni, L., and Kharrassi, Y. (2023). Biotechnological Approaches to Producing Natural Antioxidants: Anti-Ageing and Skin Longevity Prospects. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021397"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2023.12.007","article-title":"Production of biomass and bioactive compounds from cell and organ cultures of ginseng, He-shou-wu, purple coneflower, and St. John\u2019s wort for the use in cosmetic industry","volume":"164","author":"Murthy","year":"2024","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1007\/s11814-025-00401-8","article-title":"Phenolic Compounds: Investigating Their Anti-Carbonic Anhydrase, Anti-Cholinesterase, Anticancer, Anticholinergic, and Antiepileptic Properties Through Molecular Docking, MM-GBSA, and Dynamics Analyses","volume":"42","author":"Akkus","year":"2025","journal-title":"Korean J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO02324H","article-title":"Phenolic compounds: Current industrial applications, limitations and future challenges","volume":"12","author":"Albuquerque","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics2020082","article-title":"New Trends in Cosmetics: By-Products of Plant Origin and Their Potential Use as Cosmetic Active Ingredients","volume":"2","author":"Barbulova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cosmetics"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2020.02.013","article-title":"Recovery of bioactive compounds from white grape (Vitis vinifera L.) stems as potential antimicrobial agents for human health","volume":"27","author":"Leal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics2030259","article-title":"Relevance of Natural Phenolics from Grape and Derivative Products in the Formulation of Cosmetics","volume":"2","author":"Soto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cosmetics"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoss, I., Rajha, H.N., El Khoury, R., Youssef, S., Manca, M.L., Manconi, M., Louka, N., and Maroun, R.G. (2021). Valorization of Wine-Making By-Products\u2019 Extracts in Cosmetics. Cosmetics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics8040109"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5289","article-title":"Influence of Polyphenols on the Physiological Processes in the Skin","volume":"29","author":"Arct","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-009-1001-3","article-title":"Skin photoprotection by natural polyphenols: Anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and DNA repair mechanisms","volume":"302","author":"Nichols","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serra, M., Botelho, C., Sousa, D., Almeida, H., Casas, A., Teixeira, J.A., and Barros, A. (2025). Bioactive Potential of a Grape Stem Blend: A Sustainable Approach to Skin Regeneration. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14030338"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serra, M., Casas, A., Teixeira, J.A., and Barros, A.N. (2023). Revealing the Beauty Potential of Grape Stems: Harnessing Phenolic Compounds for Cosmetics. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411751"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2020.112675","article-title":"Potential application of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) stem extracts in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries: Valorization of a by-product","volume":"154","author":"Leal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galanakis, C.M. (2022). Sustainable Applications for the Valorization of Cereal Processing By-Products. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11020241"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118490","article-title":"Micro\/nanoengineered agricultural by-products for biomedical and environmental applications","volume":"250","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Parlamento Europeu (2025, May 14). Conselho da Uni\u00e3o Europeia Regulamento (CE) No 1223\/2009 Do Parlamento Europeu e Do Conselho de 30 de Novembro de 2009 Relativo Aos Produtos Cosm\u00e9ticos. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/PT\/LSU\/?uri=oj:JOL_2009_342_R_0059_01."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2008). Guidelines on Good Manufacturing Practices (Standard No. ISO 22716:2007)."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2018). Cosmetics\u2014Guidelines on the Stability Testing of Cosmetic Products (Standard No. ISO\/TR 18811:2018)."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"CTFA (2025, April 24). Guidelines on Stability Testing of Cosmetics Products. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Federico-Svarc-2\/post\/Which-stability-test-guideline-is-suitable-for-cosmetic-formulation-particularly-for-Asian-region\/attachment\/59d64303c49f478072eabbcc\/AS%3A273806147424260%401442291881188\/download\/Guidelines+on+Stability+Testing+of+Cosmetics+Colipa-CTFA%2C+2004.pdf."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, R.D., Dom\u00ednguez-Perles, R., Abra\u00e3o, A., Gomes, V., Gouvinhas, I., and Barros, A.N. (2023). Exploring the Antioxidant Potential of Phenolic Compounds from Winery By-Products by Hydroethanolic Extraction. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28186660"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mapoung, S., Semmarath, W., Arjsri, P., Umsumarng, S., Srisawad, K., Thippraphan, P., Yodkeeree, S., and Limtrakul (Dejkriengkraikul), P. (2021). Determination of Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Activity, and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Effects of Functional Cosmetic Creams Available on the Thailand Market. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10071383"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3617","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO00456K","article-title":"Thymus pulegioides L. as a rich source of antioxidant, anti-proliferative and neuroprotective phenolic compounds","volume":"9","author":"Taghouti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Postles, A. (2018). Factors Affecting the Measurement of Stability and Safety of Cosmetic Products, Bournemouth University."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2019). Cosmetics\u2014Microbiology\u2014Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Protection of a Cosmetic Product (Standard No. ISO 11930:2019). Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/75058.html."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/109158101750300937","article-title":"Final report on the safety assessment of Lecithin and Hydrogenated Lecithin","volume":"20","author":"Fiume","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00fcbner, A.A., Sarruf, F.D., Oliveira, C.A., Neto, A.V., Fischer, D.C.H., Kato, E.T.M., Louren\u00e7o, F.R., Baby, A.R., and Bacchi, E.M. (2020). Safety and Photoprotective Efficacy of a Sunscreen System Based on Grape Pomace (Vitis vinifera L.) Phenolics from Winemaking. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12121148"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.5958\/2321-5844.2016.00012.1","article-title":"Formulation and evaluation of antioxidant face cream containing raspberry fruit and grape seeds extract","volume":"73","author":"Kawarkhe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. J. Top. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"20","article-title":"Formulation and Evaluation of Grape Seed Oil (Vitis vinifera, L) Facial Cream with Variations in The Concentration of Stearic Acid as an Emulsifier","volume":"1","author":"Supriadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Health Sci. Med. Dev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2014.10.016","article-title":"Valorization of grape stems","volume":"63","author":"Raposo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2018.1550758","article-title":"In vitro solar protection factor, antioxidant activity, and stability of a topical formulation containing Benitaka grape (Vitis vinifera L.) peel extract","volume":"34","author":"Cefali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6400","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.15308","article-title":"Chemical and mechanical accelerated and long-term stability evaluation of sunscreen formulation containing grape seed extract","volume":"21","author":"Yarovaya","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012010","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/1024\/1\/012010","article-title":"The Quality of Cream Formulated from Gambier Leaf Extract","volume":"1024","author":"Hernani","year":"2022","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2021.102541","article-title":"Emulsion characterization via microfluidic devices: A review on interfacial tension and stability to coalescence","volume":"299","author":"Ho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.3109\/03639045.2015.1088865","article-title":"Exploring the antioxidant potentiality of two food by-products into a topical cream: Stability, in vitro and in vivo evaluation","volume":"42","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2016","journal-title":"DrugDev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luki\u0107, M., Panteli\u0107, I., and Savi\u0107, S.D. (2021). Towards Optimal pH of the Skin and Topical Formulations: From the Current State of the Art to Tailored Products. Cosmetics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics8030069"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barel, A.O., Paye, M., and Maibach, H.I. (2014). Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b16716"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salem, Y., Rajha, H.N., Franjieh, D., Hoss, I., Manca, M.L., Manconi, M., Castangia, I., Perra, M., Maroun, R.G., and Louka, N. (2022). Stability and Antioxidant Activity of Hydro-Glyceric Extracts Obtained from Different Grape Seed Varieties Incorporated in Cosmetic Creams. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11071348"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, R., Lobo, J.C., Ferreira, D.M., Senderowicz, E., Nunes, M.A., Amaral, M.H., Alves, R.C., and Oliveira, M.B.P.P. (2023). Chemical and Rheological Characterization of a Facial Mask Containing an Olive Pomace Fraction. Cosmetics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics10020064"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomes, S.M., Miranda, R., and Santos, L. (2023). Sustainable Cosmetics: Valorisation of Kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa) By-Products by Their Incorporation into a Moisturising Cream. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su151914059"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12537","article-title":"Stability, antioxidant activity, in vivo safety and efficacy of creams with standardized wild apple fruit extract: A comparison of conventional and biodegradable emulsifiers","volume":"41","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.35248\/2155-9554.19.10.500","article-title":"Anti-Ageing Potential of a Cream (W\/O Emulsion) Containing Grape Seed Extract (GSE): Formulation and in vivo Evaluation of Effectiveness Using Non-Invasive Biophysical Technique","volume":"10","author":"Rafique","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, S.M., and Santos, L. (2022). A Potential Valorization Strategy of Wine Industry By-Products and Their Application in Cosmetics\u2014Case Study: Grape Pomace and Grapeseed. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27030969"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2014). Cosmetics: Microbiology\u2014Microbiological Limits (Standard No. ISO 17516:2014)."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chhabra, R.P. (2010). Non-Newtonian fluids: An introduction. Rheology of Complex Fluids, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-6494-6_1"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danila, E., Albu Kaya, M.G., Ghica, M.V., Bunea, A.-M., Popa, L., Kaya, D.A., Ozturk, S., Marin, M.-M., Dinu-Pirvu, C.-E., and Anuta, V. (2020, January 1\u20133). Formulation and Characterization of Anti-aging Cosmetic Emulsions Based on Collagen Hydrolysate and Caffeine. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems; INCDTP\u2014Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania.","DOI":"10.24264\/icams-2020.II.6"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"487","article-title":"Rheological properties of cosmetic compositions containing rosemary and grapefruit pulp and seeds extracts","volume":"49","author":"Nancheva","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Metall."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Troy, D.B. (2011). Martin\u2019s Physical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences: Physical Chemical and Biopharmaceutical Principles in the Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, Q.-H., and Nguye, N.-D. (2012). Incompressible Non-Newtonian Fluid Flows. Continuum Mechanics\u2014Progress in Fundamentals and Engineering Applications, InTech.","DOI":"10.5772\/26091"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2008.09.005","article-title":"Thixotropy","volume":"147\u2013148","author":"Mewis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(02)00462-3","article-title":"Rheological behavior and the SPF of sunscreens","volume":"250","author":"Gaspar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moraes, C., Ar\u00eaas, E., and Velasco, M. (2017). Assessment of Functional Stability of Photoprotective Formulations Containing Rutin Succinate. Cosmetics, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics4030027"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12807","article-title":"Correlation between sensory and instrumental characterization of developed sunscreens containing grape seed extract and a commercial product","volume":"44","author":"Yarovaya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinto, D., Lameir\u00e3o, F., Delerue-Matos, C., Rodrigues, F., and Costa, P. (2021). Characterization and Stability of a Formulation Containing Antioxidants-Enriched Castanea sativa Shells Extract. Cosmetics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics8020049"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Jaganath, N. (2004). The Application of Rheological Techniques in the Characterization of Semisolids in the Pharmaceutical Industry. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth]."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nunes, A., Gon\u00e7alves, L., Marto, J., Martins, A.M., Silva, A.N., Pinto, P., Martins, M., Fraga, C., and Ribeiro, H.M. (2021). Investigations of Olive Oil Industry By-Products Extracts with Potential Skin Benefits in Topical Formulations. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13040465"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Villegas, A., Fern\u00e1ndez-Ochoa, \u00c1., Rojas-Garc\u00eda, A., Ala\u00f1\u00f3n, M.E., Arr\u00e1ez-Rom\u00e1n, D., C\u00e1diz-Gurrea, M.d.l.L., and Segura-Carretero, A. (2023). The Potential of Mangifera indica L. Peel Extract to Be Revalued in Cosmetic Applications. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12101892"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"6690029","article-title":"Antielastase Activity of Macassar Kernels (Rhus javanica) Stem Extract and Skin Elasticity Evaluation of Its Topical Gel Formulation","volume":"2021","author":"Anggraini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-82502013000200016","article-title":"Fabrication, physicochemical characterization and preliminary efficacy evaluation of a W\/O\/W multiple emulsion loaded with 5% green tea extract","volume":"49","author":"Mahmood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Braz. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12125","article-title":"Texture analysis of cosmetic\/pharmaceutical raw materials and formulations","volume":"36","author":"Tai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12661","article-title":"Measurements meet perceptions: Rheology\u2013texture\u2013sensory relations when using green, bio-derived emollients in cosmetic emulsions","volume":"43","author":"Huynh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinto, D., Braga, N., Rodrigues, F., and Oliveira, M. (2017). Castanea sativa Bur: An Undervalued By-Product but a Promising Cosmetic Ingredient. Cosmetics, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics4040050"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.4314\/tjpr.v12i3.23","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity of Pandanus amaryllifolius Leaf and Root Extract and Its Application in Topical Emulsion","volume":"12","author":"Jimtaisong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop. J. Pharmaceutical. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Censi, R., Vargas Peregrina, D., Lacava, G., Agas, D., Lupidi, G., Sabbieti, M., and Di Martino, P. (2018). Cosmetic Formulation Based on an A\u00e7ai Extract. Cosmetics, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics5030048"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4314\/tjpr.v16i1.3","article-title":"Antioxidant properties, selected enzyme inhibition capacities, and a cosmetic cream formulation of Thai mango seed kernel extracts","volume":"16","author":"Namngam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tropical J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2010.522750","article-title":"A Knowledge Base for The Recovery of Natural Phenols with Different Solvents","volume":"16","author":"Galanakis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"521","article-title":"Characterization and Stabilization of the Extract from Mango Seed Kernel in a Cosmetic Emulsion Authors","volume":"45","author":"Maisuthisakul","year":"2011","journal-title":"Agric. Nat. Resour."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esparza, I., Cimminelli, M.J., Moler, J.A., Jim\u00e9nez-Moreno, N., and Anc\u00edn-Azpilicueta, C. (2020). Stability of Phenolic Compounds in Grape Stem Extracts. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9080720"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2022.101644","article-title":"Screening of phenolic compounds in australian grown grapes and their potential antioxidant activities","volume":"47","author":"Vo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sochorova, L., Prusova, B., Jurikova, T., Mlcek, J., Adamkova, A., Baron, M., and Sochor, J. (2020). The Study of Antioxidant Components in Grape Seeds. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25163736"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1080\/10408390701761845","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity of Phenolic Compounds: From In Vitro Results to In Vivo Evidence","volume":"48","author":"Villano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1021\/jf035331k","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of the main phenolic compounds isolated from hot pepper fruit (Capsicum annuum L)","volume":"53","author":"Materska","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"868","article-title":"Topical Application of Calendula officinalis (L.): Formulation and Evaluation of Hydrophilic Cream with Antioxidant Activity","volume":"5","author":"Bernatoniene","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101036","article-title":"Biomarkers, oxidative stress and autophagy in skin aging","volume":"59","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papaccio, F., D\u2032Arino, A., Caputo, S., and Bellei, B. (2022). Focus on the Contribution of Oxidative Stress in Skin Aging. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11061121"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H., Hong, Y., and Kim, M. (2021). Structural and Functional Changes and Possible Molecular Mechanisms in Aged Skin. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212489"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1080\/10409238.2020.1768208","article-title":"Elastases and elastokines: Elastin degradation and its significance in health and disease","volume":"55","author":"Heinz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116378","article-title":"Anti-tyrosinase and antimelanogenic effect of cinnamic acid derivatives from Prunus mahaleb L.: Phenolic composition, isolation, identification and inhibitory activity","volume":"310","author":"Saracoglu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2017.67070","article-title":"Melanin and lipofuscin as hallmarks of skin aging","volume":"2","author":"Budzisz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Dermatol. Allergol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytol.2019.10.014","article-title":"Bio-guided isolation of new phenolic compounds from Hippocrepis emerus flowers and investigation of their antioxidant, tyrosinase and elastase inhibitory activities","volume":"35","author":"Schmitt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytochem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imr.2013.12.003","article-title":"Physiological effects of formulation containing tannase-converted green tea extract on skin care: Physical stability, collagenase, elastase, and tyrosinase activities","volume":"3","author":"Hong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Integr. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taofiq, O., Heleno, S., Calhelha, R., Alves, M., Barros, L., Barreiro, M., Gonz\u00e1lez-Param\u00e1s, A., and Ferreira, I. (2016). Development of Mushroom-Based Cosmeceutical Formulations with Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Tyrosinase, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Properties. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21101372"}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/14\/7\/784\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:58:37Z","timestamp":1760032717000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/14\/7\/784"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox14070784"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox14070784","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]}}}