{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T15:28:49Z","timestamp":1789658929715,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015550","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T5-AN-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T5-AN-11"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015550","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["T5-AN-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T5-AN-11"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00789fa95","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Catania, Italy","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03a64bh57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03a64bh57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Dietary (poly)phenols have been proposed to protect against age-related cognitive decline through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective mechanisms. However, evidence specifically addressing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) remains limited. This study investigated the association between habitual dietary (poly)phenol intake, cognitive status, and circulating inflammatory biomarkers in older adults. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, Italian adults aged \u226565 years attending a memory clinic underwent standardized neuropsychological assessment for MCI diagnosis. Habitual dietary intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire, and dietary (poly)phenol intake was estimated using the Phenol-Explorer database. Plasma transforming growth factor-\u03b21 (TGF-\u03b21) and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) concentrations were measured by ELISA. Logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate associations between quartiles of (poly)phenol intake and MCI after adjustment for energy intake, age, sex, education, and smoking status. Results: Participants without MCI reported significantly higher intakes of total (poly)phenols and several subclasses, including flavonoids, anthocyanins, flavanones, flavones, hydroxycinnamic acids, and lignans. Higher intakes of flavanones, flavones, lignans, hesperetin, naringenin, lariciresinol, matairesinol, and pinoresinol were positively associated with cognitive performance. Individuals in the highest quartile of total (poly)phenol intake had substantially lower odds of MCI (adjusted OR = 0.08; 95% CI: 0.01\u20130.62), with similar inverse associations observed for flavonoids (OR = 0.16; 95% CI: 0.02\u20130.92), lignans (OR = 0.18; 95% CI: 0.04\u20130.89), flavones (OR = 0.18; 95% CI: 0.04\u20130.87), naringenin (OR = 0.19; 95% CI: 0.04\u20130.92), lariciresinol (OR = 0.18; 95% CI: 0.04\u20130.89), matairesinol (OR = 0.19; 95% CI: 0.04\u20130.93), and pinoresinol (OR = 0.16; 95% CI: 0.03\u20130.82), when compared to the lowest quartile. Total (poly)phenol intake was not associated with circulating inflammatory biomarkers, although biochanin A and caffeic acid were inversely associated with TNF-\u03b1 concentrations. Conclusions: Higher habitual intake of selected dietary (poly)phenols, particularly flavonoids and lignans, was associated with a lower likelihood of MCI and better cognitive performance in older adults. However, the absence of consistent associations with inflammatory biomarkers does not support inference regarding an anti-inflammatory mechanism. Given the observational design, small sample size, and multiple statistical comparisons, these findings should be considered exploratory and hypothesis-generating. Prospective studies and randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these associations and clarify the underlying biological pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15091181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T09:59:03Z","timestamp":1789639143000},"page":"1181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dietary (Poly)phenol Intake, Inflammatory Biomarkers, and Mild Cognitive Impairment in Italian Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4458-5226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margherita","family":"Grasso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3292-9677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"L\u2019Episcopo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Toscano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2228-0141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evelyn","family":"Frias-Toral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Av. Pdte. Carlos Julio Arosemena Tola, Guayaquil 090615, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Muratore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Maria Angela","family":"Tripodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8607-047X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Musso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Bentivegna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Lucrezia","family":"Costanzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Giusi","family":"Fatati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5548-5135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Mascali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Giorgia Serena","family":"Gullotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Raynier","family":"Zambrano-Villacres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y Desarrollo Humano, Universidad Ecotec, Km.13.5 Samborond\u00f3n, Samborond\u00f3n EC092302, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5305-1552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisandra","family":"Le\u00f3n Brizuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana, Campeche 24560, Mexico"},{"name":"Universidade Internacional do Cuanza, EN250 Cuito, Bi\u00e9, Angola"},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Universitaria Internacional de Colombia, 111321 Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Galvano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3930-5285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Grosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5809-5706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna","family":"Godos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6937-3065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Ferri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5659-662X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Lanza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9867-6054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Caraci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024). GBD 2021 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990\u20132021: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet, 403, 2100\u20132132. Erratum in Lancet\u00a02024, 403, 1988."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.22027","article-title":"Dementia epidemiology fact sheet 2022","volume":"46","author":"Shin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2021.15","article-title":"The epidemiology of Alzheimer\u2019s disease modifiable risk factors and prevention","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Prev. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930241279888","article-title":"Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia: Mechanisms, treatment, and future directions","volume":"19","author":"Mok","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Stroke"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"afac173","article-title":"Worldwide prevalence of mild cognitive impairment among community dwellers aged 50 years and older: A meta-analysis and systematic review of epidemiology studies","volume":"51","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Dementia Forecasting Collaborators (2022). Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: An analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Public Health, 7, e105\u2013e125."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01296-0","article-title":"Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing Commission","volume":"404","author":"Livingston","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-025-00981-6","article-title":"Consensus statement on exploring the Nexus between nutrition, brain health and dementia prevention","volume":"22","author":"Johnstone","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2024.112615","article-title":"The effect of fruits and vegetables on children\u2019s mental and cognitive health: A systematic review of intervention studies and perspective for future research","volume":"130","author":"Gillies","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1086","article-title":"The effect of fruit and vegetable consumption on the decreased risk of mild cognitive impairment in patients referring to health examination centers\u2014A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp. \u00d3rgano Of. Soc. Esp. Nutr. Cl\u00ednica Metab. (SENPE)"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Wang, J., Cao, L., Shi, M., Liu, H., Zhao, Y., and Xia, Y. (2022). Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Cognitive Disorders in Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.871061"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2026.100521","article-title":"Associations between plant-based dietary patterns and risks of cognitive impairment and dementia: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Tsai","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Prev. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2025.100537","article-title":"Plant-based diets and cognitive outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Bigras","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2024.2342164","article-title":"Systematic evaluation and meta-analysis of the effects of major dietary patterns on cognitive function in healthy adults","volume":"28","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3111","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-024-01488-3","article-title":"The role of the Mediterranean diet in reducing the risk of cognitive impairement, dementia, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Fekete","year":"2025","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2023.0800","article-title":"Association of the mediterranean dietary approaches to stop hypertension intervention for neurodegenerative delay (MIND) diet with the risk of dementia","volume":"80","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaf121","article-title":"Dietary Patterns and Risk of Dementia in Elderly Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cohort Studies","volume":"84","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2302368","article-title":"Trial of the MIND diet for prevention of cognitive decline in older persons","volume":"389","author":"Barnes","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60461-5","article-title":"A 2 year multidomain intervention of diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring versus control to prevent cognitive decline in at-risk elderly people (FINGER): A randomised controlled trial","volume":"385","author":"Ngandu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanhl.2026.100869","article-title":"Population-level interventions for dementia prevention: A systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Stephan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-025-03199-x","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and Cantonese cuisine for human health: Report from a Sino-Italian bilateral meeting","volume":"37","author":"Maggi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"227","article-title":"Role of Mediterranean diet in the prevention of cognitive decline: Biological mechanisms behind longevity promotion","volume":"18","author":"Godos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. J. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05095-w","article-title":"Underrated aspects of a true Mediterranean diet: Understanding traditional features for worldwide application of a \u201cPlaneterranean\u201d diet","volume":"22","author":"Godos","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2300727","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202300727","article-title":"Dietary flavonoids consumption and health: An umbrella review","volume":"68","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2300472","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202300472","article-title":"Dietary (Poly)phenols and Cognitive Decline: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies","volume":"68","author":"Godos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Micek, A., Godos, J., Giampieri, F., Battino, M., Quiles, J.L., Del Rio, D., Mena, P., Caruso, G., Frias-Toral, E., and Dom\u00ednguez Azp\u00edroz, I. (2025). The effect of anthocyanins and anthocyanin-rich foods on cognitive function: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Geroscience.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-025-02008-7"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuy010","article-title":"Effect of resveratrol supplementation on cognitive performance and mood in adults: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"76","author":"Marx","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Zhao, R., Liu, B., and Li, K. (2025). The effect of curcumin supplementation on cognitive function: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1549509"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106533","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of isoflavone interventions on cognitive function","volume":"183","author":"Till","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-025-03217-y","article-title":"Late-onset alzheimer\u2019s disease, atherosclerosis, and cerebrovascular disease. A complex relationship too often neglected: A narrative review","volume":"37","author":"Zuliani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2021.108013","article-title":"Polyphenols and neuroprotection: Therapeutic implications for cognitive decline","volume":"232","author":"Caruso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1262","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of polyphenols: Implications for cognitive function","volume":"24","author":"Godos","year":"2025","journal-title":"EXCLI J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2016.1198893","article-title":"Reliability and relative validity of a food frequency questionnaire for Italian adults living in Sicily, Southern Italy","volume":"67","author":"Marventano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nfs.2017.06.001","article-title":"Association between polyphenol intake and adherence to the Mediterranean diet in Sicily, southern Italy","volume":"8","author":"Godos","year":"2017","journal-title":"NFS J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bap024","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/bap024","article-title":"Phenol-Explorer: An online comprehensive database on polyphenol contents in foods","volume":"2010","author":"Neveu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Database"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bat070","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/bat070","article-title":"Phenol-Explorer 3.0: A major update of the Phenol-Explorer database to incorporate data on the effects of food processing on polyphenol content","volume":"2013","author":"Rothwell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Database"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","article-title":"The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment","volume":"53","author":"Nasreddine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.3.303","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment: Clinical characterization and outcome","volume":"56","author":"Petersen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56","article-title":"A rating scale for depression","volume":"23","author":"Hamilton","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2018.04.013","article-title":"Shiatsu as an adjuvant therapy for depression in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A pilot study","volume":"38","author":"Lanza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"709","article-title":"Geriatric Depression Scale","volume":"24","author":"Yesavage","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/14.6.540","article-title":"A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: The Epworth sleepiness scale","volume":"14","author":"Johns","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grasso, M., Fidilio, A., L\u2019Episcopo, F., Recupero, M., Barone, C., Bacalini, M.G., Benatti, C., Giambirtone, M.C., Caruso, G., and Greco, D. (2024). Low TGF-\u03b21 plasma levels are associated with cognitive decline in Down syndrome. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1379965"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2434136","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.34136","article-title":"Flavonoid-Rich Foods, Dementia Risk, and Interactions With Genetic Risk, Hypertension, and Depression","volume":"7","author":"Jennings","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12175","DOI":"10.1002\/trc2.12175","article-title":"Flavonoid intake and incident dementia in the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health cohort","volume":"7","author":"Bondonno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement. Transl. Res. Clin. Interv."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"e1041","article-title":"Long-term Dietary Flavonoid Intake and Subjective Cognitive Decline in US Men and Women","volume":"97","author":"Yeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Godos, J., Caraci, F., Castellano, S., Currenti, W., Galvano, F., Ferri, R., and Grosso, G. (2020). Association between dietary flavonoids intake and cognitive function in an italian cohort. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10091300"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1017\/S136898001900394X","article-title":"Long-term dietary flavonoid intake and change in cognitive function in the Framingham Offspring cohort","volume":"23","author":"Shishtar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711452000392X","article-title":"Polyphenol intake and cognitive decline in the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) Project","volume":"126","author":"Goni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.5.1190","article-title":"Higher dietary intake of lignans is associated with better cognitive performance in postmenopausal women","volume":"135","author":"Franco","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.05.047","article-title":"Polyphenol intake and risk of dementia and cognitive decline in older adults: Principal component analysis approach","volume":"155","author":"Chatzispyrellis","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giampieri, F., Godos, J., Caruso, G., Owczarek, M., Jurek, J., Castellano, S., Ferri, R., Caraci, F., and Grosso, G. (2022). Dietary phytoestrogen intake and cognitive status in southern italian older adults. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12060760"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8335","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.1927976","article-title":"Impact of hesperidin in 100% orange juice on chronic disease biomarkers: A narrative systematic review and gap analysis","volume":"62","author":"Tadros","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-022-01138-x","article-title":"Effects of chronic consumption of specific fruit (berries, cherries and citrus) on cognitive health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"77","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000001989","article-title":"Naringenin alleviates cognitive dysfunction in rats with cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury through up-regulating hippocampal BDNF-TrkB signaling: Involving suppression in neuroinflammation and oxidative stress","volume":"35","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evans, J.A., Mendonca, P., and Soliman, K.F.A. (2022). Neuroprotective effects and therapeutic potential of the citrus flavonoid hesperetin in neurodegenerative diseases. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14112228"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeph.2026.203168","article-title":"Coffee and tea consumption and risk of dementia: A dose-response meta-analysis of cohort and cohort-nested case-control studies","volume":"74","author":"Mazzoleni","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Popul. Health"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422424000209","article-title":"Impact of coffee-derived chlorogenic acid on cognition: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Johal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"e1979","article-title":"Pattern of polyphenol intake and the long-term risk of dementia in older persons","volume":"90","author":"Gaudout","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11786388241283780","DOI":"10.1177\/11786388241283779","article-title":"Dietary Flavonoid Intake and Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment in the Elderly: A Case-Control Study","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Insights"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calabr\u00f2, R.S., De Cola, M.C., Gervasi, G., Portaro, S., Naro, A., Accorinti, M., Manuli, A., Marra, A., De Luca, R., and Bramanti, P. (2019). The efficacy of cocoa polyphenols in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment: A retrospective study. Medicina, 55.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55050156"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3233\/NHA-240006","article-title":"Effect of polyphenols on inflammation related to cognitive function: A systematic review and meta-analysis of human randomized controlled trials","volume":"9","author":"Mekhora","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. Healthy Aging"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Meo, F., Valentino, A., Petillo, O., Peluso, G., Filosa, S., and Crispi, S. (2020). Bioactive polyphenols and neuromodulation: Molecular mechanisms in neurodegeneration. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072564"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Figueira, I., \u00c1vila-G\u00e1lvez, M.\u00c1., Loncarevic-Vasiljkovic, N., and Dos Santos, C.N. (2023). (poly)phenols: The missing piece in the puzzle of inflammation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242316971"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2412950","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202412950","article-title":"Targeting Senescence with Apigenin Improves Chemotherapeutic Efficacy and Ameliorates Age-Related Conditions in Mice","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2024.105829","article-title":"Validating the nutraceutical and neuroprotective pharmacodynamics of flavones","volume":"180","author":"Jeyabalan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, N., Wen, Y., Liu, Z., Zhai, J., Li, S., and Yin, J. (2022). Advances in the roles and mechanisms of lignans against Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.960112"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.10.145","article-title":"An overview of neuroprotective and cognitive enhancement properties of lignans from Schisandra chinensis","volume":"97","author":"Sowndhararajan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-021-00702-8","article-title":"Luteolin alleviates cognitive impairment in Alzheimer\u2019s disease mouse model via inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent neuroinflammation","volume":"43","author":"Kou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.119335","article-title":"Lignans from Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill ameliorates cognitive impairment in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and alleviates ferroptosis by activating the Nrf2\/FPN1 signaling pathway and regulating iron levels","volume":"341","author":"Meng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23780","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.203649","article-title":"Matairesinol exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in sepsis-mediated brain injury by repressing the MAPK and NF-\u03baB pathways through up-regulating AMPK","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000001583","article-title":"Pinoresinol diglucoside attenuates neuroinflammation, apoptosis and oxidative stress in a mice model with Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"32","author":"Lei","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.2174\/0113892010362795250223160707","article-title":"Biochanin-A: A Potential Candidate for the Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"26","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.07.072","article-title":"The beneficial role of Naringin- a citrus bioflavonoid, against oxidative stress-induced neurobehavioral disorders and cognitive dysfunction in rodents: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"94","author":"Viswanatha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caruso, G., Godos, J., Privitera, A., Lanza, G., Castellano, S., Chillemi, A., Bruni, O., Ferri, R., Caraci, F., and Grosso, G. (2022). Phenolic Acids and Prevention of Cognitive Decline: Polyphenols with a Neuroprotective Role in Cognitive Disorders and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14040819"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sbai, O., Perrone, L., and Poucheret, P. (2026). The Role of Polyphenols on Cognitive Function and Dementia Through Gut-Microbiota-Brain Axis Modulation: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18111697"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2025.2582557","article-title":"Prebiotics: Types, selectivity and utilization by gut microbes","volume":"76","author":"Bolino","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00e1ng, L., McArthur, S., Lazar, A.S., Pourtau, L., Gaudout, D., Pontifex, M.G., M\u00fcller, M., and Vauzour, D. (2024). Dietary (Poly)phenols and the Gut-Brain Axis in Ageing. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16101500"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2023.2298098","article-title":"Potential of dietary polyphenols for protection from age-related decline and neurodegeneration: A role for gut microbiota?","volume":"27","author":"Ross","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2024.2437472","article-title":"The gut microbiome across the lifespan: How diet modulates our microbial ecosystem from infancy to the elderly","volume":"76","author":"Golshany","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, Z., Zhai, X., Bai, Y., Hu, J., Yu, H., Sang, J., Wu, M., and Hao, F. (2025). Targeting the blood-brain barrier with phytochemicals to attenuate vascular cognitive impairment: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential across etiologies. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1696066"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Ba, S., Li, M., Wei, Y., Wang, Y., Mao, J., Xiang, Y., Qin, D., and Zeng, C. (2026). Targeting the Gut Microbiota: Mechanistic Investigation of Polyphenol Modulation of the Gut-Brain Axis in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27020604"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1177\/18785093251364653","article-title":"Anthocyanin metabolites from gut microbiota and cognitive health","volume":"15","author":"Godos","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Berry Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-215493","article-title":"Interaction between diet and microbiota in the pathophysiology of alzheimer\u2019s disease: Focus on polyphenols and dietary fibers","volume":"86","author":"Ticinesi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"255","article-title":"Aging, age-related diseases, oxidative stress and plant polyphenols: Is this a true relationship?","volume":"17","author":"Cassotta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. J. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2024.103095","article-title":"Factors driving the inter-individual variability in the metabolism and bioavailability of (poly)phenolic metabolites: A systematic review of human studies","volume":"71","author":"Favari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9259","DOI":"10.1039\/D5FO03349G","article-title":"The impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms on the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of dietary (poly)phenols: A critical systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Tosi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Funct."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/9\/1181\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T10:34:14Z","timestamp":1789641254000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/9\/1181"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox15091181"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox15091181","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]}}}