{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:48:16Z","timestamp":1776127696306,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]],"date-time":"2020-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chitosan, a natural polysaccharide, has been previously proposed as an elicitor in plants to prevent pathogen infections. The present study aimed to analyze the effect of chitosan solution and chitosan nanoparticles treatment applied on the grapevine variety Sous\u00e3o with respect to the phenolic composition, antioxidant potential and antibacterial activity of its individual grape components. Grapevine plants of selected lines were sprayed with chitosan solution and chitosan nanoparticles, and ethanolic extracts of stems, seeds and skins were prepared from grapevines treated and not treated with chitosan. Total phenolic, anthocyanin and tannin contents were studied, and the identification of the individual phenolic compounds was performed by HPLC-DAD. The antimicrobial susceptibility method was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Overall, there was small increase in the concentration of phenolic compounds, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities in grape components treated with chitosan solution. Seed extracts showed the highest antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The studied individual components obtained from chitosan-treated grapevines could represent an added value due to the increased antioxidant and antibacterial potentials. The phenolic compounds found in components may be used in food and pharmaceutical industries as natural food preservers and antibiotic adjuvants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9020178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]],"date-time":"2020-02-21T10:49:16Z","timestamp":1582282156000},"page":"178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Comparative Insight upon Chitosan Solution and Chitosan Nanoparticles Application on the Phenolic Content, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Individual Grape Components of Sous\u00e3o Variety"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9406-8433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Functional Genomics and Proteomics\u2019 Unit, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2536-1967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rupesh Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica-Vila Real (CQ-VR), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nelson","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Functional Genomics and Proteomics\u2019 Unit, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Bruno Gon\u00e7alves","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CoLAB Vines&amp;Wines\u2014National Collaborative Laboratory for the Portuguese Wine Sector, Associa\u00e7\u00e3o para o Desenvolvimento da Viticultura Duriense (ADVID), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Functional Genomics and Proteomics\u2019 Unit, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2742-0622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virg\u00edlio","family":"Falco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica-Vila Real (CQ-VR), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9584-0755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Capita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Le\u00f3n, E-24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Le\u00f3n, Av. Facultad de Vetrinaria, 25, 24004  Le\u00f3n, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8688-0912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Alonso-Calleja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Le\u00f3n, E-24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Le\u00f3n, Av. Facultad de Vetrinaria, 25, 24004  Le\u00f3n, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Eduardo","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CECAV, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3648-7303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana S.","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Polytechnic Institute of Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"},{"name":"REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6365-0735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilberto","family":"Igrejas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Functional Genomics and Proteomics\u2019 Unit, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0925-689X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Poeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Associado for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.2006.57.3.239","article-title":"Grape and Wine Phenolics: History and Perspective","volume":"57","author":"Kennedy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. 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