{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T10:40:32Z","timestamp":1772620832797,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]],"date-time":"2020-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011929","name":"Programa Operacional Tem\u00e1tico Factores de Competitividade","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ReStoragePear"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ReStoragePear"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011929","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/Multi\/50016\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/Multi\/50016\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/QUI\/00062\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/QUI\/00062\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50011\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50011\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014717","name":"CENTRO 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014717","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Horticultural crops are vulnerable to several disorders, which affect their physiological and organoleptic quality. For about forty years, the control of physiological disorders (such as superficial scald) in horticultural crops, particularly in fruit, was achieved through the application of the antioxidant diphenylamine (DPA), usually combined with controlled atmosphere (CA) conditions. However, identification of DPA residues and metabolites in treated fruits, associated with their toxicity, banned the use of this antioxidant in Europe. This triggered the urgent need for novel and, ideally, natural and sustainable alternatives, combined with adequate storage conditions to protect cultivars from harmful agents. This review systematizes the state-of-the-art DPA application on several fresh cultivars, such as apples, pears, and vegetables (potatoes, spinach, etc.), as well as the possible mechanisms of the action and effects of DPA, emphasizing its antioxidant properties. Alternative methods to DPA are also discussed, as well as respective effects and limitations. Recent research on scald development molecular pathways are highlighted to open new non-chemical strategies opportunities. This appraisal shows that most of the current solutions have not lead to satisfactory commercial results; thus, further research aimed to understand the mechanisms underlying postharvest disorders and to design sustainable and safe solutions to improve horticultural products storage is needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9040356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]],"date-time":"2020-04-24T11:42:14Z","timestamp":1587728534000},"page":"356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Strategies to Preserve Postharvest Quality of Horticultural Crops and Superficial Scald Control: From Diphenylamine Antioxidant Usage to More Recent Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9671-7844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cindy","family":"Dias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2013Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho, 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"L. Amaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2013Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho, 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"\u00c2ngelo","family":"C. Salvador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5403-8416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armando J. D.","family":"Silvestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0396-3019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00edlvia M.","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"N\u00e9lson","family":"Isidoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperativa Agr\u00edcola dos Fruticultores do Cadaval, CRL (COOPVAL), Estrada Nacional 115, Km 26, 2550-108 Cadaval, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Pintado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2013Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho, 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"745","article-title":"Postharvest-applied agrochemicals and their residues in fresh fruits and vegetables","volume":"74","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Hulme, A.C. (1970). Apple scald. The Biochemistry of Fruits and their Products, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Fidler, J.C., Wilkinson, B.G., Edney, K.L., and Sharples, R.O. (1973). Injuries to the skin of the fruit. The Biology of Apple and Pear Storage, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.21273\/JASHS.120.1.88","article-title":"Superficial scald of \u2018Granny Smith\u2019 apples is expressed as a typical chilling injury","volume":"120","author":"Watkins","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Little, C.R., Holmes, R.J., and Faragher, J. (2000). Storage Technology for Apples and Pears: A Guide to Production, Postharvest Treatment and Storage of Pome Fruit in Australia."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4557.2009.00289.x","article-title":"Antioxidant properties and fruit quality during long-term storage of \u201cRocha\u201d pear: Effects of maturity and storage conditions","volume":"33","author":"Silva","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Food Qual."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Calvo, G. (2010). Antioxidant Use in Apple and Pear Storage-Part 1. Postharvest Inf. Network, WSU Tree Fruit Research & Extension Center, Washington State University. Available online: https:\/\/www.yumpu.com\/en\/document\/read\/45538310\/antioxidant-use-in-apple-and-pear-storage-part-1-tree-fruit-."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2740210113","article-title":"Superficial scald, a functional disorder of stored apples. V.\u2014Oxidation of \u03b1-farnesene and its inhibition by diphenylamine","volume":"21","author":"Huelin","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1990.tb06045.x","article-title":"Control of superficial scald on \u201cAnjou\u201d pears by ethoxyquin: Oxidation of a-Farnesene and its inhibition","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-5214(97)00060-4","article-title":"Inhibition of superficial scald in apples by wounding: Changes in lipids and phenolics","volume":"12","author":"Abdallah","year":"1997","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.1998.464.25","article-title":"Comparison of the phenolic profiles in the peel of scalded and non scalded \u2018Granny Smith\u2019 and \u2018Crofton\u2019 apples","volume":"464","author":"Golding","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Hortic."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-017-1030-6","article-title":"Delayed response to cold stress is characterized by successive metabolic shifts culminating in apple fruit peel necrosis","volume":"17","author":"Gapper","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/14620316.2007.11512212","article-title":"Expression of anti-oxidant enzyme genes in scald-resistant \u2018Belfort\u2019 and scald-susceptible \u201cGranny Smith\u201d apples during cold storage","volume":"82","author":"Zubini","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2011.11.001","article-title":"Superficial scald, its etiology and control","volume":"65","author":"Lurie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2740190602","article-title":"Superficial scald, a functional disorder of stored apples. III.\u2014Concentration of diphenylamine in the fruit after treatment","volume":"19","author":"Huelin","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Smock, R. (1961). Methods of Scald Control on the Apple, Illinois University."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of ventilation on the development of superficial scald on cool stored Granny Smith apples","volume":"Volume 25","author":"Hall","year":"1961","journal-title":"Division of Food Preservation Technical Paper"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1080\/00288233.1960.10427147","article-title":"Control of superficial scald on granny smith apples using pre-harvest sprays of diphenylamine","volume":"3","author":"Padfield","year":"1960","journal-title":"New Zeal. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"93","article-title":"Postharvest chemical, hot-water, and packaging treatments to control apple scald","volume":"87","author":"Hardenburg","year":"1965","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1071\/EA9730200","article-title":"Effect of wax coatings containing diphenylamine on apples and pears during storage and ripening","volume":"13","author":"Farooqi","year":"1973","journal-title":"Aust. J. Exp. Agric."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(03)00613-1","article-title":"Diphenylamine and derivatives in the environment: A review","volume":"53","author":"Drzyzga","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.21273\/JASHS.115.6.959","article-title":"Efficacy of diphenylamine, ultra-low oxygen, and ethylene scrubbing on scald control in \u2018Delicious\u2019 apples","volume":"115","author":"Lau","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2019, May 10). US EPA-Pesticides-Diphenylamine. RED Factsheet, Available online: https:\/\/www3.epa.gov\/pesticides\/chem_search\/reg_actions\/reregistration\/fs_PC-038501_10-Apr-98.pdf."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2019, May 11). European Comission, Diphenylamine. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/food\/plant\/pesticides\/eu-pesticidesdatabase\/public\/?event=activesubstance.detail&language=EN&selectedID=1264."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2006.05.003","article-title":"\u03b1-Farnesene, conjugated trienols, and superficial scald in \u2018Rocha\u2019 pear as affected by 1-methylcyclopropene and diphenylamine","volume":"42","author":"Isidoro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2740250309","article-title":"Superficial scald, a functional disorder of stored apples X. Control of \u03b1-farnesene autoxidation","volume":"25","author":"Anet","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.24.1.28","article-title":"Physiology and control of superficial scald of apples: A review","volume":"24","author":"Ingle","year":"1989","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-5214(99)00066-6","article-title":"DPA treatment alters \u03b1-farnesene metabolism in peel of \u201cempire\u201d apples stored in air or 1.5% O2 atmosphere","volume":"18","author":"Whitaker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.21273\/JASHS.119.3.516","article-title":"Roles of ethylene in the development of superficial scald in \u2018Cortland\u2019 apples","volume":"119","author":"Du","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"199","article-title":"Physiological changes in diphenylamine-treated \u2018Granny Smith\u2019 apples","volume":"38","author":"Lurie","year":"1989","journal-title":"Isr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Walter, H., Corsi, C., Ehrenfreund, J., Lamberth, C., and Tobler, H. (2007). Fungicidal Compositions. (0265267A1), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Kleiman, M. (1970). Control of apple storage scald using certain diphenylamine compositions. (3526518), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Sardo, A. (2001). Process for Treating Fruits and Vegetables after Harvesting with Purification of Plant-Protection Products Contaminated with Aromatic Primary Amines. (6221414 B1), U.S Patent."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Roda, J. (2000). Plant Care Product Applicable by Spray Methods and Process for the Manufacture of Said Product. (6129927A), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Shanmuganathan, N. (1996). Yeasts as Biocontrol for Microbial Diseases of Fruit. (5525132A), U.S Patent."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Wartanessian, S. (2008). Treatment of Fruit in Storage Facility with Solid Derived Diphenylamine Anti Scald Agent. (0103212A1), U.S Patent."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Yatsu, L. (1961). Exploratory Studies of Apple Scald at the Enzyme Level. [Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell University]."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"37","article-title":"Disorder incidence and chemical composition of Jonathan apples following tree sprays of calcium, magnesium and potassium","volume":"6","author":"Martin","year":"1967","journal-title":"CSIRO Div. Plant Ind. Field Stn. Rec."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1071\/AR9730373","article-title":"Effect of diphenylamine on the incidence of low temperature breakdown in apples","volume":"24","author":"Wills","year":"1973","journal-title":"Aust. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-5214(94)90031-0","article-title":"Polyphenol fate and superficial scald in apple","volume":"4","author":"Piretti","year":"1994","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.21273\/JASHS.120.3.491","article-title":"Sucrose ester-based coatings formulated with food-compatible antioxidants in the prevention of superficial scald in stored apples","volume":"120","author":"Bauchot","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1021\/jf9805810","article-title":"Effect of superficial scald suppression by diphenylamine application on volatile evolution by stored cortland apple fruit","volume":"47","author":"Mir","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7565","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0511603","article-title":"1-Methylcyclopropene interactions with diphenylamine on diphenylamine degradation, \u03b1-Farnesene and conjugated trienol concentrations, and polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activities in apple fruit","volume":"53","author":"Hay","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2008.03.011","article-title":"Control of blue mold decay of apple during commercial controlled atmosphere storage with yeast antagonists and sodium bicarbonate","volume":"49","author":"Janisiewicz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2007.09.005","article-title":"External carbon dioxide injury and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) in the \u201cEmpire\u201d apple","volume":"48","author":"Fawbush","year":"2008","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2008.05.006","article-title":"Superficial scald control after delayed treatment of apple fruit with diphenylamine (DPA) and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP)","volume":"50","author":"Jung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.01.142","article-title":"Characterization of laccase from apple fruit during postharvest storage and its response to diphenylamine and 1-methylcyclopropene treatments","volume":"253","author":"Yihui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11436","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29706-x","article-title":"Ethylene -dependent and -independent superficial scald resistance mechanisms in \u2018Granny Smith\u2019 apple fruit","volume":"8","author":"Karagiannis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"33","article-title":"Comprehensive evaluation on the internal quality of Yali pear fruit from the main production area in hebei province","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"North. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1016\/S1671-2927(11)60162-4","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of 1-MCP and DPA on superficial scald of Dangshansuli pear","volume":"10","author":"Hui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Agric. Sci. China"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"273","article-title":"Efficacy of postharvest diphenylamine treatment on reducing oleocellosis in Valencia orange fruits","volume":"34","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Sims, E. (1962). The Influence of Certain Compounds on Scald Inhibition and Metabolism of the Apple. (Malus Sylvestris, Mill). [Ph.D. Thesis, The Ohio State University]."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(63)90020-1","article-title":"Diphenylamine inhibition of electron transport in plant mithocondria","volume":"103","author":"Baker","year":"1963","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.10.3.228","article-title":"The use of diphenylamine to protect plants against ozone injury","volume":"10","author":"Gilbert","year":"1975","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2728(80)90012-2","article-title":"The Function of diphenylamine as modifiers of photosystem II eletron transport in isolated spinach chloroplasts","volume":"593","author":"Oettmeier","year":"1980","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.21273\/JASHS.128.6.0924","article-title":"Diphenylamine inhibits respiration of Green Bell peppers","volume":"128","author":"Purvis","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-005-4589-8","article-title":"Effects of tropospheric ozone on potato plants protected by the antioxidant diphenylamine (DPA)","volume":"161","year":"2005","journal-title":"Water, Air, Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(93)90087-B","article-title":"Diphenylamine: An unusual antioxidant","volume":"14","author":"Sugihara","year":"1993","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2007.09.004","article-title":"Biochemical bases of appearance and texture changes in fresh-cut fruit and vegetables","volume":"48","author":"Toivonen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"47","article-title":"Further evaluation of diphenylamine for the control of Apple scald","volume":"75","author":"Hardenburg","year":"1960","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2012.01.009","article-title":"Antioxidant treatment alters metabolism associated with internal browning in \u2018Braeburn\u2019 apples during controlled atmosphere storage","volume":"68","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leisso, R.S., Gapper, N.E., Mattheis, J.P., Sullivan, N.L., Watkins, C.B., Giovannoni, J.J., Schaffer, R.J., Johnston, J.W., Hanrahan, I., and Hertog, T.M. (2016). Gene expression and metabolism preceding soft scald, a chilling injury of \u2018Honeycrisp\u2019 apple fruit. BMC Genom., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-016-3019-1"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erp390","article-title":"Branched-chain and aromatic amino acid catabolism into aroma volatiles in Cucumis melo L. fruit","volume":"61","author":"Gonda","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"211","article-title":"Nature and control of apple scald","volume":"Volume 28","author":"Brooks","year":"1919","journal-title":"Journal of Agricultural Research"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2740210207","article-title":"Superficial scald, a functional disorder of stored apples. VI.\u2014Evaporation of \u03b1-farnesene from the fruit","volume":"21","author":"Huelin","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Paliyath, G.P., and Murr, D. (2007). Compositions for the preservation of Fruits and Vegetables. (US7198811B2), US Patent."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klein, S.J. (2014). Diphenylamine. Encyclopedia of Toxicology, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-386454-3.01221-5"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1976.tb03082.x","article-title":"Contact dermatitis from 4-isopropyl-amino-diphenylamine","volume":"2","author":"Raith","year":"1976","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1997.tb02445.x","article-title":"Active sensitization to p-aminodiphenylamine","volume":"37","author":"Hemmer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1986.tb01175.x","article-title":"Allergy to diphenylamine from an industrial grease","volume":"14","author":"Bazin","year":"1986","journal-title":"Contact Dermat."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodwin, T.W. (1980). The Biochemistry of the Carotenoids, Springer. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-5860-9"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-131-8-1951","article-title":"Effects of Nitrate, Nitrite and Diphenylamine on the Photosynthetic Apparatus of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides f. sp. denitrificans","volume":"131","author":"Michalski","year":"1985","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"NIOSH (2019, August 10). Diphenylamine. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chem. Hazards, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/npg\/npgd0240.html."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"USDA (2019, August 10). Pesticide Data Program\u2019s Summary for Calendar Year 2010, Available online: https:\/\/www.ams.usda.gov\/press-release\/usda-releases-2010-annual-summary-pesticide-data-program."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-5214(00)00119-8","article-title":"Stripped corn oil emulsion alters ripening, reduces superficial scald, and reduces core flush in \u2018Granny Smith\u2019 apples and decay in \u2018d\u2019Anjou\u2019 pears","volume":"20","author":"Ju","year":"2000","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"513","article-title":"Oiled wrappers, oils and waxes in the control of superficial scald","volume":"26","author":"Brooks","year":"1923","journal-title":"J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-5214(99)00017-4","article-title":"Intermittent warming effects on superficial scald development of \u2018Cortland\u2019, \u2018Delicious\u2019 and \u2018Law Rome\u2019 apple fruits","volume":"16","author":"Alwan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.21273\/JASHS.98.1.14","article-title":"Effect of butylated hydroxy-toluene (BHT) on apple scald","volume":"98","author":"Gough","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2740250206","article-title":"A role for minerals in the development of superficial scald of apples","volume":"25","author":"Wills","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/14620316.1995.11515280","article-title":"Alternative methods of scald control in \u2018Granny Smith\u2019 apples","volume":"70","author":"Chellew","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Hortic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"1368","article-title":"Efficacy of some plant aqueous extracts and waxes in the preservation of some fruits and vegetables. British","volume":"3","author":"Bukar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.App. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-5214(94)00056-X","article-title":"Ethanol vapour\u2014A new anti-scald treatment for apples","volume":"6","author":"Scott","year":"1995","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/14620316.1999.11511078","article-title":"A comparison of the effects of ethanol and higher alcohols for the control of superficial scald in apples","volume":"74","author":"Ghahramani","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-5214(00)00081-8","article-title":"Mono-, di-, and tri-acylglycerols and phospholipids from plant oils inhibit scald development in \u2018Delicious\u2019 apples","volume":"19","author":"Ju","year":"2000","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-5214(99)00080-0","article-title":"Hypobaric storage removes scald-related volatiles during the low temperature induction of superficial scald of apples","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2005.682.204","article-title":"Fruit fluorescence response to low oxygen stress: Modern Technologies compared to 1-MCP treatment of apple","volume":"682","author":"Zanella","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Hortic."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2005.04.009","article-title":"Influence of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), diphenylamine (DPA), and CO2 concentration during storage on \u2018Empire\u2019 apple quality","volume":"38","author":"DeEll","year":"2005","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Shalata, A., and Abushqara, E. (2004). Extending the Shelf Life of Harvested Plant Matter Using Alkanoyl-L-Ascrobic Acid Esters and Synthesis Thereof. (WO2004093574A1), Patent."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2008.796.22","article-title":"Storability and fruit quality of \u2018Braeburn\u2019 apples as affected by harvest date, 1-MCP treatment and different storage conditions","volume":"796","author":"Lafer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Hortic."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hodges, D.M. (2003). Postharvest Oxidative Stress in Horticultural Crops, Food Products Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482277982"},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Junfeng, W. (2015). The Application of Resveratrol in Control Apple Superficial Scald and Pears Melanoderma. (103766475B), CN Patent."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Rodie, J.U., Bordonaba, J.G., and Larrigaudiere, E.G.M. (2016). Coating Composition for Fruits and Use. (WO 2016166389A1), Patent."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2016.08.005","article-title":"Quantitative proteomic changes in development of superficial scald disorder and its response to diphenylamine and 1-MCP treatments in apple fruit","volume":"123","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.05.047","article-title":"Dynamic controlled atmosphere (DCA): Interaction between DCA methods and 1-methylcyclopropene on \u2018Fuji Suprema\u2019 apple quality","volume":"235","author":"Weber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2016.12.009","article-title":"Minimum exposure period for dynamic controlled atmospheres to control superficial scald in Granny Smith apples for long distance supply chains","volume":"127","author":"Mditshwa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2017.04.003","article-title":"Repeated application of dynamic controlled atmospheres reduced superficial scald incidence in \u2018Granny Smith\u2019 apples","volume":"220","author":"Mditshwa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Hort."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"1475","article-title":"Prestorage temperature and ultra-low oxygen treatments affect incidence of physiological disorders in organic \u2018Granny Smith\u2019 apples","volume":"53","author":"Zoffoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hortic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4549.1994.tb00843.x","article-title":"Effects of Semperfresh and Jonhfresh fruit coatings on poststorage of \u201cAnkara\u201d pears","volume":"18","author":"Bayindirli","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Food Process. Preserv."},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Freire, J.M., Imaz, S.C., Cabtera, R.G., and Arregui, A.M.Z. (2002). Natural Sources Composition for the Control of Post-Harvest Pathologies and Methods of Application. (6482455B1), U.S Patent."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"Lederman, U. (2016). Emulsified Wax Compositions and Uses Thereof. (9283173B2), U.S Patent."},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"Rieck, H., Lachaise, H., Labourdette, G., Davies, P.H., Steiger, D., Mayer, L., Iv, H.M., Fought, L. (2014). Use of Fluopyram for Extending the Shelf Life of Fruits and Vegetables. (EP2395836B1), Patent."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"Holcroft, D.M., and Pereira, W.P. (2011). Waxy Coatings on Plant Parts. (CA2738597A1), Patent."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2018.11.053","article-title":"Conjugated trienols and programmed cell death are more closely related to superficial scald than reactive oxygen species in apple fruit stored at low temperature","volume":"246","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/835151","article-title":"Effect of chitosan coating with cinnamon oil on the quality and physiological attributes of China Jujube fruits","volume":"2015","author":"Xing","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"Feng, X. (2005). Fruit Preservation with Plant Extracts as Main Material. (CN1644066A), Patent."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2016.06.010","article-title":"Phenolic extracts from wild edible plants to control postharvest diseases of sweet cherry fruit","volume":"120","author":"Gatto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1071\/AR9530057","article-title":"Effects of skin coatings on the behaviour of apples in storage. I. Physiological and general investigations","volume":"4","author":"Trout","year":"1953","journal-title":"Aust. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_108","unstructured":"Kidd, F., and West, C. (1934). The Cause and Control of Superficial Scald of Apples, D.S.I.R. Rep. Food Invest. Board."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1038\/183760a0","article-title":"Control of Superficial Scald in Stored Apples","volume":"183","author":"Smith","year":"1959","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"1068","article-title":"On the control of storage disorders and the maintenance of quality by means of Delvocoat","volume":"59","author":"Staden","year":"1969","journal-title":"Fruitteelt"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.21273\/JASHS.113.2.222","article-title":"Effect of two polymeric coatings on fruit quality of \u201cBartlett\u201d and \u201cd\u201dAnjou\u2019 pears","volume":"113","author":"Meheriuk","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_112","unstructured":"(2019, August 23). Decco\u2014Safepack Products Ltd.. Available online: http:\/\/www.decco-safepack.com\/."},{"key":"ref_113","unstructured":"(2019, August 23). Concentrol\u00ae. Available online: https:\/\/www.concentrol.com\/."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1556\/AAlim.29.2000.2.5","article-title":"Apple superficial scald preventilation by vapour treatments","volume":"29","author":"Hribar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Aliment."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1126\/science.153.3733.314","article-title":"Fruit Storage at Subatmospheric Pressures","volume":"153","author":"Burg","year":"1966","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpsl.2017.08.001","article-title":"Quality and safety of fresh horticultural commodities: Recent advances and future perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Mahajan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Pack. Shelf Life"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2018.09.016","article-title":"Co-expression networks provide insights into molecular mechanisms of postharvest temperature modulation of apple fruit to reduce superficial scald","volume":"149","author":"Honaas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpsl.2018.01.011","article-title":"Recent developments on dynamic controlled atmosphere storage of apples-A review","volume":"16","author":"Mditshwa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Packag. Shelf Live"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2015.1071.50","article-title":"A review on the successful adoption of dynamic controlled-atmosphere (DCA) storage as a replacement for diphenylamine (DPA), the chemical used for control of superficial scald in apples and pears","volume":"1071","author":"Prange","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Hortic."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2008.05.019","article-title":"Metabolic profiling of \u201cConference\u201d pears under low oxygen stress","volume":"51","author":"Pedreschi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2009.07.011","article-title":"The effect of temperature and other factors on chlorophyll a fluorescence and the lower oxygen limit in apples (Malus domestica)","volume":"55","author":"Wright","year":"2010","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"296","article-title":"Application of 1-methylcyclopropene in fruit of five apple cultivars grown in Serbia","volume":"91","author":"Milinkovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Bot. Food Qual."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-5214(97)00070-7","article-title":"Phenolic fatty-acid esters from the peel of \u2018Gala\u2019 apples and their possible role in resistance to superficial scald","volume":"13","author":"Whitaker","year":"1988","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.8.1.56","article-title":"Preharvest application of ethephon on scald and quality of stored \u201cDelicious\u201d apples","volume":"8","author":"Couey","year":"1973","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.13774","article-title":"Apple fruit superficial scald resistance mediated by ethylene inhibition is associated with diverse metabolic processes","volume":"93","author":"Busatto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant J."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/9\/4\/356\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:09:15Z","timestamp":1760364555000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/9\/4\/356"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox9040356"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox9040356","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]]}}}